Volledig proefschrift
... of the lithospheric plates, predominantly as the result of plume activity. Plate tectonics is therefore regarded as an effective and essential mechanism that contributes significantly in cooling the Earth at present-day. In this mechanism, oceanic plates are formed at the mid-ocean ridge (MOR), spre ...
... of the lithospheric plates, predominantly as the result of plume activity. Plate tectonics is therefore regarded as an effective and essential mechanism that contributes significantly in cooling the Earth at present-day. In this mechanism, oceanic plates are formed at the mid-ocean ridge (MOR), spre ...
Slow strain waves in blocky geological media from GPS and
... methods that display the wave-shaped variations in the geophysical fields due to temporal variations of the stress state of the medium, and direct ones immediately recording the migration of deformations. The seismic, geoelectric and geochemical methods of strain wave recording are referred to as th ...
... methods that display the wave-shaped variations in the geophysical fields due to temporal variations of the stress state of the medium, and direct ones immediately recording the migration of deformations. The seismic, geoelectric and geochemical methods of strain wave recording are referred to as th ...
Origin of carbonatites in the South Qinling orogen:
... Pb isotopic trend toward HIMU in the SQ carbonatites. We conclude that their parental magma was derived from a source incorporating the Mianlue oceanic crust mixed with an asthenospheric (or deeper) material characterized by high Pb and low Nd isotopic values. This material represents a deep-seated ...
... Pb isotopic trend toward HIMU in the SQ carbonatites. We conclude that their parental magma was derived from a source incorporating the Mianlue oceanic crust mixed with an asthenospheric (or deeper) material characterized by high Pb and low Nd isotopic values. This material represents a deep-seated ...
The Upper Mantle Geoid: Implications for Continental Structure and
... very long wavelength geoid (degree/order less than 5) thought to be controlled by topographic relief of less than 3 km at the core-mantle boundary (Bowin, 1986). Removal of the signal from subducted slabs (Chase, 1979; Crough, 1979; Crough and Jurdy, 1980; Kaula, 1967; Hager, 1984) demonstrates that ...
... very long wavelength geoid (degree/order less than 5) thought to be controlled by topographic relief of less than 3 km at the core-mantle boundary (Bowin, 1986). Removal of the signal from subducted slabs (Chase, 1979; Crough, 1979; Crough and Jurdy, 1980; Kaula, 1967; Hager, 1984) demonstrates that ...
Serpentinite - Elements Magazine
... asbestos, a material with outstanding electric, thermal, and phonic insulation properties, but its fi ne dust is thought to be deleterious to human health (Fubini and Fenoglio 2007). Antigorite displays curved, wavy layers similar to Roman tiles on a roof (FIG. 2 C). The octahedral sheet is continuo ...
... asbestos, a material with outstanding electric, thermal, and phonic insulation properties, but its fi ne dust is thought to be deleterious to human health (Fubini and Fenoglio 2007). Antigorite displays curved, wavy layers similar to Roman tiles on a roof (FIG. 2 C). The octahedral sheet is continuo ...
4 Igneous Rocks - North Coast Distance Education
... In January 1983, Kilauea volcano began an eruption of basaltic lava that is still ongoing. The eruption has buried thousands of acres of land, destroyed homes, roads and forests. It has also added to the size of the island as lava spilled into the sea. This volcano on the south shore of the island o ...
... In January 1983, Kilauea volcano began an eruption of basaltic lava that is still ongoing. The eruption has buried thousands of acres of land, destroyed homes, roads and forests. It has also added to the size of the island as lava spilled into the sea. This volcano on the south shore of the island o ...
The early interaction between the Caribbean Plateau and the NW
... considered to represent the ultramafic root component of an oceanic plateau sequence (Cosma et al., 1998; Lapierre et al., 2000; Mamberti et al., 2004). Radiometric ages from the mapped San Juan Unit range between 123 and 87 Ma, suggesting that the lithologically defined unit may comprise unrelated ro ...
... considered to represent the ultramafic root component of an oceanic plateau sequence (Cosma et al., 1998; Lapierre et al., 2000; Mamberti et al., 2004). Radiometric ages from the mapped San Juan Unit range between 123 and 87 Ma, suggesting that the lithologically defined unit may comprise unrelated ro ...
Equatorial Segment of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge: initial results of the
... In the light of the data obtained by the expedition, it became clear, that ES in fact has essential features distinct from the adjacent segments of the MAR, usually considered as typical for the ridge. In accordance with the data obtained, the hypothesis was proposed that this segment is a kind of s ...
... In the light of the data obtained by the expedition, it became clear, that ES in fact has essential features distinct from the adjacent segments of the MAR, usually considered as typical for the ridge. In accordance with the data obtained, the hypothesis was proposed that this segment is a kind of s ...
The Tolbachik volcanic massif: A review of the petrology
... and a series of monogenetic cones in the north, with a total area of about 8500 km2 (Melekestsev et al., 1991; Fig. 1b). The northern active part of the CKD comprises 17 volcanoes. Following previous workers (Melekestsev et al., 1974; Churikova et al., 2001; Ponomareva et al., 2007a) we divide the C ...
... and a series of monogenetic cones in the north, with a total area of about 8500 km2 (Melekestsev et al., 1991; Fig. 1b). The northern active part of the CKD comprises 17 volcanoes. Following previous workers (Melekestsev et al., 1974; Churikova et al., 2001; Ponomareva et al., 2007a) we divide the C ...
Activity 1 Where are the Volcanoes?
... hotter rocks of the deep Earth.The heat causes fluids, especially water, to leave the plate and rise into overlying hot rocks.The added water lowers the melting point of the solid rock. If enough water is added the rock melts and magma is formed.The magma rises upward, because it is less dense than ...
... hotter rocks of the deep Earth.The heat causes fluids, especially water, to leave the plate and rise into overlying hot rocks.The added water lowers the melting point of the solid rock. If enough water is added the rock melts and magma is formed.The magma rises upward, because it is less dense than ...
Insights into extensional processes during magma assisted rifting
... sea-floor spreading centre. However, the geochemical characteristics of rift basalts are consistent with mantle tomography that shows no evidence beneath the MER for passive magmatic upwelling beneath discrete rift segments as is observed in the ocean basins. Collectively, the Ethiopian data show tha ...
... sea-floor spreading centre. However, the geochemical characteristics of rift basalts are consistent with mantle tomography that shows no evidence beneath the MER for passive magmatic upwelling beneath discrete rift segments as is observed in the ocean basins. Collectively, the Ethiopian data show tha ...
accepted manuscript
... system established prior to the 2012-2013 eruption. The Tolbachik massif forms the southwestern part of the voluminous Klyuchevskoy volcanic group in Kamchatka. The massif includes two large stratovolcanoes, Ostry ("Sharp") Tolbachik and Plosky ("Flat") Tolbachik, and a 70 km long zone of the basalt ...
... system established prior to the 2012-2013 eruption. The Tolbachik massif forms the southwestern part of the voluminous Klyuchevskoy volcanic group in Kamchatka. The massif includes two large stratovolcanoes, Ostry ("Sharp") Tolbachik and Plosky ("Flat") Tolbachik, and a 70 km long zone of the basalt ...
The volcanic–plutonic connection as a stage for
... The Earth's magmatism produces both volcanic and plutonic rocks. These two rock types share many similarities, but also display significant differences that have led to a tendency to view (and study) them as separate realms. This review tries to bridge the gap to provide more incentive to integrate ...
... The Earth's magmatism produces both volcanic and plutonic rocks. These two rock types share many similarities, but also display significant differences that have led to a tendency to view (and study) them as separate realms. This review tries to bridge the gap to provide more incentive to integrate ...
Rupture Characteristics of the Deep Bolivian Earthquake of 9 June
... The deep-focus seismicity of South America is concentrated in two nearly north-south lines. The northern part of the southern line is offset some 500 km to the east, separated by a comparatively aseismic region between 11° and 16° south (Fig. 4). The Bolivian event occurred in this region. The deep ...
... The deep-focus seismicity of South America is concentrated in two nearly north-south lines. The northern part of the southern line is offset some 500 km to the east, separated by a comparatively aseismic region between 11° and 16° south (Fig. 4). The Bolivian event occurred in this region. The deep ...
Laramide crustal thickening event in the Rocky Mountain Foreland
... and Great Plains at up to 2 km average elevation. The same shear tractions that Brewer et al. [1980] invoked to cause the Wind River range overthrust may also have dragged and transported ductile lower crust from within the Sevier orogen in the Southwest, and emplaced it under ...
... and Great Plains at up to 2 km average elevation. The same shear tractions that Brewer et al. [1980] invoked to cause the Wind River range overthrust may also have dragged and transported ductile lower crust from within the Sevier orogen in the Southwest, and emplaced it under ...
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... he also measured Q for S waves finding values of 700 at 12 s and 400 at 24 s. Press (1956) also determined Q for S waves finding it to be 500 or less. Evernden (1955) studied the arrival directions of SV-, Rayleigh- and Love-wave phases using a tripartite array in California and found that all of th ...
... he also measured Q for S waves finding values of 700 at 12 s and 400 at 24 s. Press (1956) also determined Q for S waves finding it to be 500 or less. Evernden (1955) studied the arrival directions of SV-, Rayleigh- and Love-wave phases using a tripartite array in California and found that all of th ...
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... The Nakasib suture is extrapolated across the Red Sea into Saudi Arabia through ophiolitic units at Jebel Thurwah to those at Bir Umq. Closing the Red Sea, the entire Ariab-Nakasib-Bir Umq suture can be traced for approximately 700 km between its truncation to the east by the Nabitah suture in Arabi ...
... The Nakasib suture is extrapolated across the Red Sea into Saudi Arabia through ophiolitic units at Jebel Thurwah to those at Bir Umq. Closing the Red Sea, the entire Ariab-Nakasib-Bir Umq suture can be traced for approximately 700 km between its truncation to the east by the Nabitah suture in Arabi ...
The Central Asia collision zone: numerical present-day kinematics
... deformation on Earth, which spans eastern Turkey, northern Middle East, central and southeastern Asia, covering the central and eastern sectors of the Alpine-Himalayan mountain belt. It is composed by the Zagros orogen in the western sector and the Himalaya-Tibetan orogen in the eastern sector, whic ...
... deformation on Earth, which spans eastern Turkey, northern Middle East, central and southeastern Asia, covering the central and eastern sectors of the Alpine-Himalayan mountain belt. It is composed by the Zagros orogen in the western sector and the Himalaya-Tibetan orogen in the eastern sector, whic ...
Mantle plume
A mantle plume is a mechanism proposed in 1971 to explain volcanic regions of the earth that were not thought to be explicable by the then-new theory of plate tectonics. Some such volcanic regions lie far from tectonic plate boundaries, for example, Hawaii. Others represent unusually large-volume volcanism, whether on plate boundaries, e.g. Iceland, or basalt floods such as the Deccan or Siberian traps.A mantle plume is posited to exist where hot rock nucleates at the core-mantle boundary and rises through the Earth's mantle becoming a diapir in the Earth's crust. The currently active volcanic centers are known as ""hot spots"". In particular, the concept that mantle plumes are fixed relative to one another, and anchored at the core-mantle boundary, was thought to provide a natural explanation for the time-progressive chains of older volcanoes seen extending out from some such hot spots, such as the Hawaiian–Emperor seamount chain.The hypothesis of mantle plumes from depth is not universally accepted as explaining all such volcanism. It has required progressive hypothesis-elaboration leading to variant propositions such as mini-plumes and pulsing plumes. Another hypothesis for unusual volcanic regions is the ""Plate model"". This proposes shallower, passive leakage of magma from the mantle onto the Earth's surface where extension of the lithosphere permits it, attributing most volcanism to plate tectonic processes, with volcanoes far from plate boundaries resulting from intraplate extension.