7. MODELING THE SOMATOTOPIC MAP 7.1 The Somatotopic Map
... In this chapter we demonstrate the formation of a “somatotopic map” by means of a computer simulation of Kohonen’s algorithm (Ritter and Schulten 1986). The somatotopic map is the projection of the body surface onto a brain area that is responsible for our sense of touch and that is called the somat ...
... In this chapter we demonstrate the formation of a “somatotopic map” by means of a computer simulation of Kohonen’s algorithm (Ritter and Schulten 1986). The somatotopic map is the projection of the body surface onto a brain area that is responsible for our sense of touch and that is called the somat ...
Guggulsterone Activates Multiple Nuclear Receptors and Induces
... tandem and produces a highly responsive xenobiotic response element (XREM). This artificial CYP3A4 promoter has been placed upstream of the luciferase reporter gene and is termed XREM-LUC (Goodwin et al., 1999). The XREMLUC reporter gene has been used to assay activation of human and rodent PXR in C ...
... tandem and produces a highly responsive xenobiotic response element (XREM). This artificial CYP3A4 promoter has been placed upstream of the luciferase reporter gene and is termed XREM-LUC (Goodwin et al., 1999). The XREMLUC reporter gene has been used to assay activation of human and rodent PXR in C ...
The Neuromuscular Junction
... acetylcholine builds up in the synaptic cleft, binding to the receptor site (light green) on the chemically regulated ion channel (purple). This causes the ion channel to stay open, generating one depolarization after another. The net effect is one muscular contraction after an other. ...
... acetylcholine builds up in the synaptic cleft, binding to the receptor site (light green) on the chemically regulated ion channel (purple). This causes the ion channel to stay open, generating one depolarization after another. The net effect is one muscular contraction after an other. ...
Articles - The Vespiary
... of the compounds in activating phosphoinositide turnover in cells expressing the 5-HT2A receptor, anticipating that perhaps compounds 8 and 9 might be partial agonists or antagonists. These compounds were compared to mescaline 1 and 23 (Figure 1). All four phenethylamine derivatives stimulated [3H]- ...
... of the compounds in activating phosphoinositide turnover in cells expressing the 5-HT2A receptor, anticipating that perhaps compounds 8 and 9 might be partial agonists or antagonists. These compounds were compared to mescaline 1 and 23 (Figure 1). All four phenethylamine derivatives stimulated [3H]- ...
sulforhodamine 101 Oregon Green AM
... pressure or iontoforetic application of receptor agonists (e.g. glutamate, acetylcholine) ...
... pressure or iontoforetic application of receptor agonists (e.g. glutamate, acetylcholine) ...
03/05 PPT
... • Different cells respond to the same guidance cues in different ways • Chemical cues exist at many points along the axon guidance pathway e.g the optic tectum and optic tract ...
... • Different cells respond to the same guidance cues in different ways • Chemical cues exist at many points along the axon guidance pathway e.g the optic tectum and optic tract ...
analg_opioide_Engl_2013
... in the midbrain and medulla (descending pathways) that function in pain modulation All 3 receptors appear to be involved in anti nociceptive and analgesics mechanisms ...
... in the midbrain and medulla (descending pathways) that function in pain modulation All 3 receptors appear to be involved in anti nociceptive and analgesics mechanisms ...
Endocannabinoids and Neurodegenerative Disorders: Parkinson`s
... to those neuroprotective agents studied more frequently: N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) and α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptor antagonists (dizocilpine); calcium channel blockers (nimodipine); antioxidants (coenzyme Q10, N-acetylcysteine); and anti-inflammatory compoun ...
... to those neuroprotective agents studied more frequently: N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) and α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptor antagonists (dizocilpine); calcium channel blockers (nimodipine); antioxidants (coenzyme Q10, N-acetylcysteine); and anti-inflammatory compoun ...
ANS - Anesthesiology, Pharmacology and Therapeutics
... Synthesis and Metabolism of ACh Acetylcholine is synthesized in cholinergic nerve endings from the amino alcohol - choline, and the carboxylic acid - acetic acid, both common in tissues. The enzyme choline acetylase forms the ester, acetylcholine. Synthesized acetylcholine is taken into and stored i ...
... Synthesis and Metabolism of ACh Acetylcholine is synthesized in cholinergic nerve endings from the amino alcohol - choline, and the carboxylic acid - acetic acid, both common in tissues. The enzyme choline acetylase forms the ester, acetylcholine. Synthesized acetylcholine is taken into and stored i ...
Lect16
... • Lengthening of the link generates tension • Calcium is required to remove TroponinTropomyosin from the binding sites ...
... • Lengthening of the link generates tension • Calcium is required to remove TroponinTropomyosin from the binding sites ...
Short Forms of Membrane Receptors: Generation and Role in
... Variants of alternative splicing of prolactin receptor pre-mRNA represent a good illustration. The mammalian gene encoding prolactin receptor (>100 kb) consists of 11 exons [20]. In various species, there are 3-4 alternative promoters and 3-4 corresponding non-coding first exons [21, 22]. There are ...
... Variants of alternative splicing of prolactin receptor pre-mRNA represent a good illustration. The mammalian gene encoding prolactin receptor (>100 kb) consists of 11 exons [20]. In various species, there are 3-4 alternative promoters and 3-4 corresponding non-coding first exons [21, 22]. There are ...
Delirium - Canadian Society of Hospital Pharmacists
... anorexia, muscle Cramps -most common also follow for syncope, seizures, bronchoconstriction (SOB) After 6-12 weeks : repeat MMSE; adjust dose based on side effects, MMSE or behavior changes Patient should always be titrated to the highest tolerable dose. ...
... anorexia, muscle Cramps -most common also follow for syncope, seizures, bronchoconstriction (SOB) After 6-12 weeks : repeat MMSE; adjust dose based on side effects, MMSE or behavior changes Patient should always be titrated to the highest tolerable dose. ...
INVITED SUBMISSION FOR PERSPECTIVE (Revised)
... Figure 2. Schematic of spinal cord injury along with activated/inactivated integrin receptors found in response to injury. Schematic of a typical spinal cord lesion site showing disrupted degenerating axons, a glial scar, along with myelin debris, microglia/macrophages, and CSPGs (A). Schematic of r ...
... Figure 2. Schematic of spinal cord injury along with activated/inactivated integrin receptors found in response to injury. Schematic of a typical spinal cord lesion site showing disrupted degenerating axons, a glial scar, along with myelin debris, microglia/macrophages, and CSPGs (A). Schematic of r ...
Kinetic models
... decrease in the maximal response. The right hand panel shows a Schild plot, in which the target response was set to 10%, 20% or 40% of maximal (lines in left panel). The straight line shows the calculated Schild relationship. The estimate from the "data" is that M = 102 units, close to the 100 units ...
... decrease in the maximal response. The right hand panel shows a Schild plot, in which the target response was set to 10%, 20% or 40% of maximal (lines in left panel). The straight line shows the calculated Schild relationship. The estimate from the "data" is that M = 102 units, close to the 100 units ...
Datasheet - Santa Cruz Biotechnology
... Steroid hormones function as signaling molecules by diffusing into cells and interacting with specific intracellular receptors to regulate gene expression. This superfamily of receptors includes both steroid and nonsteroid receptors. Like many nonsteroid hormone receptors, PXR (Pregnane X Receptor) ...
... Steroid hormones function as signaling molecules by diffusing into cells and interacting with specific intracellular receptors to regulate gene expression. This superfamily of receptors includes both steroid and nonsteroid receptors. Like many nonsteroid hormone receptors, PXR (Pregnane X Receptor) ...
Document
... Neurotransmitter is made by the pre-synaptic neurone and is stored in synaptic vessels at the end of the axon. The membrane of the postsynaptic neurone has chemical-gated ion channels called neuroreceptors. These have specific binding sites for neurotransmitters. ...
... Neurotransmitter is made by the pre-synaptic neurone and is stored in synaptic vessels at the end of the axon. The membrane of the postsynaptic neurone has chemical-gated ion channels called neuroreceptors. These have specific binding sites for neurotransmitters. ...
Interaction of Plant Extracts with Central Nervous System Receptors
... for interaction with 10 plant extracts, which has contributed to the understanding of the action of herbal medicines and has provided bioassays for analysis of active plant ingredients [10]. Plant extracts from Hypericum perforatum, St. John’s wort, have been frequently studied because of their reco ...
... for interaction with 10 plant extracts, which has contributed to the understanding of the action of herbal medicines and has provided bioassays for analysis of active plant ingredients [10]. Plant extracts from Hypericum perforatum, St. John’s wort, have been frequently studied because of their reco ...
Time to Sleep Anesthesia Pharmacology Review
... glands) after a single dose. May last between 5-24 hours and results in diminished cortisol and aldosterone levels. Morbidity and mortality increased in septic patients who receive one-time dose of Etomidate. ...
... glands) after a single dose. May last between 5-24 hours and results in diminished cortisol and aldosterone levels. Morbidity and mortality increased in septic patients who receive one-time dose of Etomidate. ...
Predicting new molecular targets for known drugs
... anxiolytic derived from haloperidol—may illuminate this drug’s therapeutic effects. Although used in psychiatric clinical trials as far back as the early 1960s35, neither its mechanism of action in the central nervous system (CNS), nor that of the related Dimetholizine, is well understood. In additi ...
... anxiolytic derived from haloperidol—may illuminate this drug’s therapeutic effects. Although used in psychiatric clinical trials as far back as the early 1960s35, neither its mechanism of action in the central nervous system (CNS), nor that of the related Dimetholizine, is well understood. In additi ...
A cAMP Switch in the Attractab Versus Repellent Response
... rare. Larger networks in older cultures usually exhibit unpredictable bursts of spontaneous activities and complex PSC profiles, and were thus avoided in the present study. ...
... rare. Larger networks in older cultures usually exhibit unpredictable bursts of spontaneous activities and complex PSC profiles, and were thus avoided in the present study. ...
Terms and symbols - Guide to Pharmacology
... pathways, it would be desirable to use a drug that acts only on the receptor or biological site of interest at all concentrations and doesn’t interact with others at any achievable concentration. Unfortunately, there are very few or no drugs with this ideal property. Fortunately, there are numerous ...
... pathways, it would be desirable to use a drug that acts only on the receptor or biological site of interest at all concentrations and doesn’t interact with others at any achievable concentration. Unfortunately, there are very few or no drugs with this ideal property. Fortunately, there are numerous ...
07 Interneuronal connections
... Events at a chemical synapse 1. Arrival of action potential on presynaptic neuron opens volage-gated Ca++ channels. 2. Ca++ influx into presynaptic term. 3. Ca++ acts as intracellular messenger stimulating synaptic vesicles to fuse with membrane and release NT via exocytosis. 4. Ca++ removed from sy ...
... Events at a chemical synapse 1. Arrival of action potential on presynaptic neuron opens volage-gated Ca++ channels. 2. Ca++ influx into presynaptic term. 3. Ca++ acts as intracellular messenger stimulating synaptic vesicles to fuse with membrane and release NT via exocytosis. 4. Ca++ removed from sy ...
PDF only
... activity-dependent synaptic plasticity named long-term depression (LTD) which is essential for motor learning. The cerebellum is the brain region where learned movements are stored and LTD is a key mechanism involved in this function (Saab and Willis, 2003). Synaptically-induced dendritic Ca2+ signa ...
... activity-dependent synaptic plasticity named long-term depression (LTD) which is essential for motor learning. The cerebellum is the brain region where learned movements are stored and LTD is a key mechanism involved in this function (Saab and Willis, 2003). Synaptically-induced dendritic Ca2+ signa ...
SA1 Functional implications of RyR-DHPR relationships in skeletal
... (Homer, FKBP12); the DHPRs and a docking protein that connects SR and surface membranes (junctophilin). Skeletal and cardiac muscles contain three types of RyRs: (RyR1 and RyR3 for skeletal; RyR2 for cardiac) and two forms of the a1 subunit of DHPRs (a1 s and a1c). The location of these isoforms and ...
... (Homer, FKBP12); the DHPRs and a docking protein that connects SR and surface membranes (junctophilin). Skeletal and cardiac muscles contain three types of RyRs: (RyR1 and RyR3 for skeletal; RyR2 for cardiac) and two forms of the a1 subunit of DHPRs (a1 s and a1c). The location of these isoforms and ...
NMDA receptor
The N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (also known as the NMDA receptor or NMDAR), is a glutamate receptor and ion channel protein found in nerve cells. It is activated when glutamate and glycine (or D-serine) bind to it, and when activated it allows positively charged ions to flow through the cell membrane. The NMDA receptor is very important for controlling synaptic plasticity and memory function.The NMDAR is a specific type of ionotropic glutamate receptor. The NMDA receptor is named this because the agonist molecule N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) binds selectively to it, and not to other glutamate receptors. Activation of NMDA receptors results in the opening of an ion channel that is nonselective to cations with a reversal potential near 0 mV. A property of the NMDA receptor is its voltage-dependent activation, a result of ion channel block by extracellular Mg2+ & Zn2+ ions. This allows the flow of Na+ and small amounts of Ca2+ ions into the cell and K+ out of the cell to be voltage-dependent.Calcium flux through NMDARs is thought to be critical in synaptic plasticity, a cellular mechanism for learning and memory. The NMDA receptor is distinct in two ways: first, it is both ligand-gated and voltage-dependent; second, it requires co-activation by two ligands: glutamate and either D-serine or glycine.The activity of the NMDA receptor is affected by many psychoactive drugs such as phencyclidine (PCP), alcohol (ethanol) and dextromethorphan (DXM). The anaesthetic effects of the drugs ketamine and nitrous oxide are partially because of their effects on NMDA receptor activity.