How Does Earth Work?
... How do we classify igneous rocks into groups? • Composition – primary classification method • As magma cools, minerals will solidify at various temperatures. • Minerals that form depend on the chemical composition of the magma. • Most magma is largely silica (45 to 80%) with oxides of Al, Mg, Fe, C ...
... How do we classify igneous rocks into groups? • Composition – primary classification method • As magma cools, minerals will solidify at various temperatures. • Minerals that form depend on the chemical composition of the magma. • Most magma is largely silica (45 to 80%) with oxides of Al, Mg, Fe, C ...
Terrestrial aftermath of the Moon
... Even though the Earth’s back side would not have melted initially in the impact, the energy delivered was enough to render the Earth’s mantle and surface mostly molten by the time that the Moon was formed (103 –104 years). Our discussion starts with this stage as the initial condition. Water and CO2 ...
... Even though the Earth’s back side would not have melted initially in the impact, the energy delivered was enough to render the Earth’s mantle and surface mostly molten by the time that the Moon was formed (103 –104 years). Our discussion starts with this stage as the initial condition. Water and CO2 ...
Presentation - Copernicus.org
... • The topography corrected and bathymetry stripped gravity field quantities revealed main structures of the ocean floor relief and the global pattern of the tectonic plates more likely due to the different density and thickness of the continental and oceanic lithospheric plates. Moreover, more detai ...
... • The topography corrected and bathymetry stripped gravity field quantities revealed main structures of the ocean floor relief and the global pattern of the tectonic plates more likely due to the different density and thickness of the continental and oceanic lithospheric plates. Moreover, more detai ...
Stress-dependent power-law flow in the upper mantle following the
... olivine. An earthquake can be used as a large rock deformation experiment in which sudden stress changes induce viscous flow in warm, deep regions of the lower crust and upper mantle that lead to observable surface deformation. By matching observed and calculated displacements as a function of time, ...
... olivine. An earthquake can be used as a large rock deformation experiment in which sudden stress changes induce viscous flow in warm, deep regions of the lower crust and upper mantle that lead to observable surface deformation. By matching observed and calculated displacements as a function of time, ...
22.4 Plate Tectonics
... which new oceanic crust is created at midocean ridges as older crust moves away. • As sea-floor spreading occurs, old oceanic plates sink into the mantle in the process of subduction. ...
... which new oceanic crust is created at midocean ridges as older crust moves away. • As sea-floor spreading occurs, old oceanic plates sink into the mantle in the process of subduction. ...
Igneous rocks
... • Igneous rocks are classified as felsic, mafic, intermediate, and ultramafic, depending upon their mineral compositions. Felsic rocks such as granite are lightcolored, have high silica contents, and contain quartz and feldspars. Mafic rocks such as gabbro are dark-colored, have lower silica content ...
... • Igneous rocks are classified as felsic, mafic, intermediate, and ultramafic, depending upon their mineral compositions. Felsic rocks such as granite are lightcolored, have high silica contents, and contain quartz and feldspars. Mafic rocks such as gabbro are dark-colored, have lower silica content ...
OCR Document
... From the Fieldnotes: “Watching the sun rise over Kilimanjaro and its ice-capped peak, Kibo, is one of the most memorable experiences a traveler in East Africa can have, and I am here as often as I can. In the far distance to the left (east, since we are in Kenya and viewing from the north) you can s ...
... From the Fieldnotes: “Watching the sun rise over Kilimanjaro and its ice-capped peak, Kibo, is one of the most memorable experiences a traveler in East Africa can have, and I am here as often as I can. In the far distance to the left (east, since we are in Kenya and viewing from the north) you can s ...
PDF
... hydrothermal activity). Every year the Earth is estimated to lose 4.2×1013 W of heat: 32 TW is conducted through the surface thermal boundary layer (lithosphere) and about 10 TW may be lost by hydrothermal activity at mid-ocean ridges[27]. Tectonically active planets like Earth lose more heat than t ...
... hydrothermal activity). Every year the Earth is estimated to lose 4.2×1013 W of heat: 32 TW is conducted through the surface thermal boundary layer (lithosphere) and about 10 TW may be lost by hydrothermal activity at mid-ocean ridges[27]. Tectonically active planets like Earth lose more heat than t ...
ExamView - Chap12_Quiz.tst
... a. Volcanoes occur close to oceans, and British Columbia borders an ocean. b. British Columbia is near a tectonic plate boundary. c. British Columbia is on very soft rock, which melts easily. d. British Columbia experiences earthquakes, and volcanoes are associated with earthquakes. ____ 16. Which o ...
... a. Volcanoes occur close to oceans, and British Columbia borders an ocean. b. British Columbia is near a tectonic plate boundary. c. British Columbia is on very soft rock, which melts easily. d. British Columbia experiences earthquakes, and volcanoes are associated with earthquakes. ____ 16. Which o ...
PDF (Chapter 10. Isotopes)
... decay constants, or half-lives, and can be used to infer processes occurring over the entire age of the Earth (Table 10-1). In addition, isotopes can be used as tracers and in this regard they complement the major- and trace-element chemistry of rocks and magmas. Studies of isotope ratios have playe ...
... decay constants, or half-lives, and can be used to infer processes occurring over the entire age of the Earth (Table 10-1). In addition, isotopes can be used as tracers and in this regard they complement the major- and trace-element chemistry of rocks and magmas. Studies of isotope ratios have playe ...
Plate tectonic controls on atmospheric CO2 levels since the Triassic
... rate scenario (32), however, requires a constant average subduction rate of 6 ± 1 cm/y (Fig. 2B), i.e., similar to the present day (24). We adopt here a more or less constant global average of subduction rates as we see no geodynamic cause why the process of subduction and the mechanical interaction ...
... rate scenario (32), however, requires a constant average subduction rate of 6 ± 1 cm/y (Fig. 2B), i.e., similar to the present day (24). We adopt here a more or less constant global average of subduction rates as we see no geodynamic cause why the process of subduction and the mechanical interaction ...
PSRD: Unraveling the Origin of the Lunar Highlands Crust
... over and over. The Moon's original crust was shattered, pulverized, and partially melted to several kilometers below the surface, but enough pieces of that crust survived that we actually know something about it. Most of these pieces are clasts (fragments) mixed into highlands impact breccias. Cosmo ...
... over and over. The Moon's original crust was shattered, pulverized, and partially melted to several kilometers below the surface, but enough pieces of that crust survived that we actually know something about it. Most of these pieces are clasts (fragments) mixed into highlands impact breccias. Cosmo ...
ROCKS - My CCSD
... Layers of undisturbed sedimentary rocks record specific periods of sediment deposition with older rocks in layers as you go down. Fossils are also found uniquely in sedimentary rocks giving clues to climate based on the kind of fossils found. Metamorphic Rocks • Recall that metamorphic rocks form wh ...
... Layers of undisturbed sedimentary rocks record specific periods of sediment deposition with older rocks in layers as you go down. Fossils are also found uniquely in sedimentary rocks giving clues to climate based on the kind of fossils found. Metamorphic Rocks • Recall that metamorphic rocks form wh ...
Earthquakes
... The stress rock that liescalled belowtension is calledpulls the footwall. stretching rock so that it becomes thinner in the In a strike-slip fault, the rocks on either side of the middle. fault slip past each other sideways, with little up or The stress force called compression squeezes rock down mo ...
... The stress rock that liescalled belowtension is calledpulls the footwall. stretching rock so that it becomes thinner in the In a strike-slip fault, the rocks on either side of the middle. fault slip past each other sideways, with little up or The stress force called compression squeezes rock down mo ...
Chapter 2
... Earth’s Energy Budget, continued External Energy Sources • Earth’s most important external energy source is the sun. • Solar radiation warms Earth’s atmosphere and surface. This heating causes the movement of air masses, which generates winds and ocean currents. Many chemical reactions on Earth also ...
... Earth’s Energy Budget, continued External Energy Sources • Earth’s most important external energy source is the sun. • Solar radiation warms Earth’s atmosphere and surface. This heating causes the movement of air masses, which generates winds and ocean currents. Many chemical reactions on Earth also ...
Chapter 12 Section 1
... which one block moves relative to another. • The rocks along both sides of a fault are commonly pressed together tightly. Although the rocks may be under stress, friction prevents them from moving past each other. In this state, a fault is said to be locked. ...
... which one block moves relative to another. • The rocks along both sides of a fault are commonly pressed together tightly. Although the rocks may be under stress, friction prevents them from moving past each other. In this state, a fault is said to be locked. ...
Geology of Base-Metal Deposits
... ore minerals are pyrite and/or pyrrhotite; common accessory oxide minerals are magnetite and hematite. Geologists recognize many natural processes by which metallic elements in the earth’s crust are scavenged and collected into concentrations we refer to as mineral deposits. One of the more commonly ...
... ore minerals are pyrite and/or pyrrhotite; common accessory oxide minerals are magnetite and hematite. Geologists recognize many natural processes by which metallic elements in the earth’s crust are scavenged and collected into concentrations we refer to as mineral deposits. One of the more commonly ...
Weathering, Erosion, and Mass
... slope primarily by gravity. Deposition is the process by which weathered and eroded materials are laid down or placed in a location that is different from their source. ...
... slope primarily by gravity. Deposition is the process by which weathered and eroded materials are laid down or placed in a location that is different from their source. ...
Andesite and dacite genesis via contrasting processes: the geology
... Abstract. The easternmost stratovolcano along the Central American arc is E1 Valle volcano, Panama. Several andesitic and dacitic lava flows, which range in age 510 Ma, are termed the old group. After a long period of quiescence (approximately 3.4 Ma), volcanic activity resumed approximately 1.55 Ma ...
... Abstract. The easternmost stratovolcano along the Central American arc is E1 Valle volcano, Panama. Several andesitic and dacitic lava flows, which range in age 510 Ma, are termed the old group. After a long period of quiescence (approximately 3.4 Ma), volcanic activity resumed approximately 1.55 Ma ...
chapter9
... • Most of the rift is buried beneath younger rocks – except in the Lake Superior region – where various igneous and sedimentary rocks – are well exposed ...
... • Most of the rift is buried beneath younger rocks – except in the Lake Superior region – where various igneous and sedimentary rocks – are well exposed ...
Pdf - Text of NPTEL IIT Video Lectures
... And then finally, when the rock forming magma cools further, then what happens is the two series, they actually (( … Refer Slide Time: 28:13) and what you end up with is another set of minerals; these things actually precipitate at a relatively smaller temperature. So, for example, if you consider t ...
... And then finally, when the rock forming magma cools further, then what happens is the two series, they actually (( … Refer Slide Time: 28:13) and what you end up with is another set of minerals; these things actually precipitate at a relatively smaller temperature. So, for example, if you consider t ...
Formation of Magma and Igneous Rocks Basalt
... How do we classify igneous rocks into groups? • Composition – primary classification method • As magma cools, minerals will solidify at various temperatures. • Minerals that form depend on the chemical composition of the magma. • Most magma is largely SiO2 (~45 to 80%) with oxides of Al, Mg, Fe, Ca ...
... How do we classify igneous rocks into groups? • Composition – primary classification method • As magma cools, minerals will solidify at various temperatures. • Minerals that form depend on the chemical composition of the magma. • Most magma is largely SiO2 (~45 to 80%) with oxides of Al, Mg, Fe, Ca ...
Age of the Earth
The age of the Earth is 4.54 ± 0.05 billion years (4.54 × 109 years ± 1%). This age is based on evidence from radiometric age dating of meteorite material and is consistent with the radiometric ages of the oldest-known terrestrial and lunar samples.Following the development of radiometric age dating in the early 20th century, measurements of lead in uranium-rich minerals showed that some were in excess of a billion years old.The oldest such minerals analyzed to date—small crystals of zircon from the Jack Hills of Western Australia—are at least 4.404 billion years old. Comparing the mass and luminosity of the Sun to those of other stars, it appears that the Solar System cannot be much older than those rocks. Calcium-aluminium-rich inclusions – the oldest known solid constituents within meteorites that are formed within the Solar System – are 4.567 billion years old, giving an age for the solar system and an upper limit for the age of Earth.It is hypothesised that the accretion of Earth began soon after the formation of the calcium-aluminium-rich inclusions and the meteorites. Because the exact amount of time this accretion process took is not yet known, and the predictions from different accretion models range from a few millions up to about 100 million years, the exact age of Earth is difficult to determine. It is also difficult to determine the exact age of the oldest rocks on Earth, exposed at the surface, as they are aggregates of minerals of possibly different ages.