Pub-2010 - Caltech GPS
... There is a seamount chain (the Moonless Mountains) on the Pacific plate between the Murray and Clarion fracture zones that may have had a correlative chain, the Chumbia seamount ridge, on the now subducted Farallon plate (KEPPIE and MORAN-ZENTENO, 2005). The seamounts in this chain do not have flexu ...
... There is a seamount chain (the Moonless Mountains) on the Pacific plate between the Murray and Clarion fracture zones that may have had a correlative chain, the Chumbia seamount ridge, on the now subducted Farallon plate (KEPPIE and MORAN-ZENTENO, 2005). The seamounts in this chain do not have flexu ...
A gravity investigation of the Middleton granite, near Inverurie
... necessitates three-dimensional modelling, and it is also important that the models extend a considerable distance from the area of interest in order to minimise edge effects. An iterative procedure was used, in which the form of a modelled body is approximated by a set of vertical prisms with square ...
... necessitates three-dimensional modelling, and it is also important that the models extend a considerable distance from the area of interest in order to minimise edge effects. An iterative procedure was used, in which the form of a modelled body is approximated by a set of vertical prisms with square ...
Sample
... 34) Fossils of ancient polar plants are currently found near the equator because the: A) entire earth had polar conditions at the time the plants were living. B) plants lived near the poles, but landmasses have drifted to current locations. C) plants probably were tolerant of both tropical and pola ...
... 34) Fossils of ancient polar plants are currently found near the equator because the: A) entire earth had polar conditions at the time the plants were living. B) plants lived near the poles, but landmasses have drifted to current locations. C) plants probably were tolerant of both tropical and pola ...
Thinning of continental backarc lithosphere by flow
... Many continental backarcs have thin (∼ 60 km) lithosphere for 100s of km behind the volcanic arc, even where there has been no significant extension. One mechanism to produce thin backarc lithosphere is through gravitational thinning of normal thickness lithosphere by subduction-related mantle flow. T ...
... Many continental backarcs have thin (∼ 60 km) lithosphere for 100s of km behind the volcanic arc, even where there has been no significant extension. One mechanism to produce thin backarc lithosphere is through gravitational thinning of normal thickness lithosphere by subduction-related mantle flow. T ...
minerals: the building blocks of rocks
... is, its atoms must be arranged in a definite pattern. 4. It must have a definite chemical composition that can vary within specified limits. 5. It is usually inorganic (although mineral formation can, in some cases, be mediated by biological processes). When geologists use the term mineral, only tho ...
... is, its atoms must be arranged in a definite pattern. 4. It must have a definite chemical composition that can vary within specified limits. 5. It is usually inorganic (although mineral formation can, in some cases, be mediated by biological processes). When geologists use the term mineral, only tho ...
Ocean Basin Evolution and Global
... In building our relative plate motion model, we combine published magnetic anomaly identifications (Seton et al. 2014) with the most recent interpretation of global fracture zones (Wessel et al. 2015) and derive a global set of seafloor spreading isochrons (Figure 1). The computation of finite rotat ...
... In building our relative plate motion model, we combine published magnetic anomaly identifications (Seton et al. 2014) with the most recent interpretation of global fracture zones (Wessel et al. 2015) and derive a global set of seafloor spreading isochrons (Figure 1). The computation of finite rotat ...
Learning Outcome mapping of old spec to new
... changes in stress in rocks, changes in water levels in wells, changes in ground levels, magnetism and animal behaviour describe and explain the social consequences of attempted earthquake ...
... changes in stress in rocks, changes in water levels in wells, changes in ground levels, magnetism and animal behaviour describe and explain the social consequences of attempted earthquake ...
A long in situ section of the lower ocean crust: results of ODP Leg
... of a likely primary magma without the addition of a large volume of primitive cumulates. If, as may be the case, the crust^mantle boundary lies a short distance below the hole, the missing cumulates would lie out of section. Site 735 is some distance from the mid-point of the paleo-ridge segment, an ...
... of a likely primary magma without the addition of a large volume of primitive cumulates. If, as may be the case, the crust^mantle boundary lies a short distance below the hole, the missing cumulates would lie out of section. Site 735 is some distance from the mid-point of the paleo-ridge segment, an ...
KoreaTaejonLetters
... and islands. I’m sorry I wrote etcetera’s because there were many earthquakes. However these are the certain locations that they most likely to occur. Earthquakes occur mostly near islands because they are in the ocean. Secondly, you would like to know is there any way to determine what parts of the ...
... and islands. I’m sorry I wrote etcetera’s because there were many earthquakes. However these are the certain locations that they most likely to occur. Earthquakes occur mostly near islands because they are in the ocean. Secondly, you would like to know is there any way to determine what parts of the ...
Exhumation processes - Perso-sdt
... divergent and convergent orogens. Plate tectonics can account for high-pressure metamorphism by subduction and crustal thickening, but the return of these metamorphosed crustal rocks back to the surface is a more complicated problem. In particular, we seek to know how various processes, such as norm ...
... divergent and convergent orogens. Plate tectonics can account for high-pressure metamorphism by subduction and crustal thickening, but the return of these metamorphosed crustal rocks back to the surface is a more complicated problem. In particular, we seek to know how various processes, such as norm ...
Gravitational collapse of the continental crust: definition, regimes
... The concept of gravitational collapse has fundamentally improved our understanding of orogenic processes. This concept has its roots in pioneers’ works, such as those of Jeffreys, van Bemmelen, Bucher and Ramberg, who were among the first to recognise the importance of gravity in the evolution of mo ...
... The concept of gravitational collapse has fundamentally improved our understanding of orogenic processes. This concept has its roots in pioneers’ works, such as those of Jeffreys, van Bemmelen, Bucher and Ramberg, who were among the first to recognise the importance of gravity in the evolution of mo ...
TTGs and adakites: are they both slab melts?
... Yb20 ppm, Ybb1.8 ppm, and NbV10 ppm. Although adakites commonly show these same chemical characteristics, they are more mafic and can be distinguished from TTGs by their relatively high Mg, Ni, Cr, and Sr contents. TTGs also have been referred to as blow-Mg adakitesQ (Rapp et al., 1999). For a rock ...
... Yb20 ppm, Ybb1.8 ppm, and NbV10 ppm. Although adakites commonly show these same chemical characteristics, they are more mafic and can be distinguished from TTGs by their relatively high Mg, Ni, Cr, and Sr contents. TTGs also have been referred to as blow-Mg adakitesQ (Rapp et al., 1999). For a rock ...
Resolving the lithosphereasthenosphere boundary with seismic
... within the lithosphere and asthenosphere. It is still a matter of debate, however, how accurately and under what conditions surface waves can resolve the depth and thickness of the lithosphere–asthenosphere boundary (LAB). We investigate the sensitivity of Rayleigh waves to LAB properties and find t ...
... within the lithosphere and asthenosphere. It is still a matter of debate, however, how accurately and under what conditions surface waves can resolve the depth and thickness of the lithosphere–asthenosphere boundary (LAB). We investigate the sensitivity of Rayleigh waves to LAB properties and find t ...
Gravitational collapse of the continental crust: definition, regimes
... The concept of gravitational collapse has fundamentally improved our understanding of orogenic processes. This concept has its roots in pioneers’ works, such as those of Jeffreys, van Bemmelen, Bucher and Ramberg, who were among the first to recognise the importance of gravity in the evolution of mo ...
... The concept of gravitational collapse has fundamentally improved our understanding of orogenic processes. This concept has its roots in pioneers’ works, such as those of Jeffreys, van Bemmelen, Bucher and Ramberg, who were among the first to recognise the importance of gravity in the evolution of mo ...
Gem Corundum in Alkali Basalt: Origin and Occurrence
... 'partial melting," in which minerals with the lowest n~eltingpoints within a rock melt first as the temperature rises, allows the generation of various types of magmas (such as rhyolite, andesite, and tholeiite] from some minerals; other minerals with higher melting points (i.e., that are still soli ...
... 'partial melting," in which minerals with the lowest n~eltingpoints within a rock melt first as the temperature rises, allows the generation of various types of magmas (such as rhyolite, andesite, and tholeiite] from some minerals; other minerals with higher melting points (i.e., that are still soli ...
Igneous Petrology
... with a microscope 2- Aphanitic: crystals not visible to the unaided eye 3- Phaneritic: grains readily distinguished with the unaided eye. If the grains of the rock are roughly the same size: ...
... with a microscope 2- Aphanitic: crystals not visible to the unaided eye 3- Phaneritic: grains readily distinguished with the unaided eye. If the grains of the rock are roughly the same size: ...
Craton stability and longevity
... Our models extend to 660 km in depth and 2640 km in horizontal width, with a 660 km-wide craton positioned in the middle of the model domain (Figure 1). In order to deal with locally sharp and large viscosity contrast, a resolution of 192-by-96 finite elements is used, with mesh refinement in the cr ...
... Our models extend to 660 km in depth and 2640 km in horizontal width, with a 660 km-wide craton positioned in the middle of the model domain (Figure 1). In order to deal with locally sharp and large viscosity contrast, a resolution of 192-by-96 finite elements is used, with mesh refinement in the cr ...
Geophysics
Geophysics /dʒiːoʊfɪzɪks/ is a subject of natural science concerned with the physical processes and physical properties of the Earth and its surrounding space environment, and the use of quantitative methods for their analysis. The term geophysics sometimes refers only to the geological applications: Earth's shape; its gravitational and magnetic fields; its internal structure and composition; its dynamics and their surface expression in plate tectonics, the generation of magmas, volcanism and rock formation. However, modern geophysics organizations use a broader definition that includes the water cycle including snow and ice; fluid dynamics of the oceans and the atmosphere; electricity and magnetism in the ionosphere and magnetosphere and solar-terrestrial relations; and analogous problems associated with the Moon and other planets.Although geophysics was only recognized as a separate discipline in the 19th century, its origins go back to ancient times. The first magnetic compasses were made from lodestones, while more modern magnetic compasses played an important role in the history of navigation. The first seismic instrument was built in 132 BC. Isaac Newton applied his theory of mechanics to the tides and the precession of the equinox; and instruments were developed to measure the Earth's shape, density and gravity field, as well as the components of the water cycle. In the 20th century, geophysical methods were developed for remote exploration of the solid Earth and the ocean, and geophysics played an essential role in the development of the theory of plate tectonics.Geophysics is applied to societal needs, such as mineral resources, mitigation of natural hazards and environmental protection. Geophysical survey data are used to analyze potential petroleum reservoirs and mineral deposits, locate groundwater, find archaeological relics, determine the thickness of glaciers and soils, and assess sites for environmental remediation.