Laser Technology in the Medical and Cosmetic Industry
... ionisation that is always present due to natural radioactivity and cosmic rays. As voltage increases further, current slowly increases until a point where a large number of molecules are ionised (the peak of curve). Now the conductivity of the gas increases and the voltage required to sustain discha ...
... ionisation that is always present due to natural radioactivity and cosmic rays. As voltage increases further, current slowly increases until a point where a large number of molecules are ionised (the peak of curve). Now the conductivity of the gas increases and the voltage required to sustain discha ...
RECTENNA: INSET-FED AND EDGE-FED
... means of Space Based Solar Power (SBSP) satellites, and converting and beaming that energy wirelessly via microwaves to receiving antennas on Earth. The rectifying antenna arrays on Earth receive and convert the microwave energy into a usable energy in the form of Direct Current (DC). The antennas c ...
... means of Space Based Solar Power (SBSP) satellites, and converting and beaming that energy wirelessly via microwaves to receiving antennas on Earth. The rectifying antenna arrays on Earth receive and convert the microwave energy into a usable energy in the form of Direct Current (DC). The antennas c ...
23.1 0.45-V Input On-Chip Gate Boosted (OGB) Buck Converter in
... the die-to-die delay variations of a delay line in the PWM controller with good controllability is also proposed. Introduction Adaptive power supply voltage (VDD) control is important for near-threshold logic circuits to achieve an energy efficient operation against PVT variations, because low VDD c ...
... the die-to-die delay variations of a delay line in the PWM controller with good controllability is also proposed. Introduction Adaptive power supply voltage (VDD) control is important for near-threshold logic circuits to achieve an energy efficient operation against PVT variations, because low VDD c ...
Energy cost analysis of a solar-hydrogen hybrid
... The configuration in Fig. 1(a) consists of a PV generator, a battery and a FC fed by hydrogen (H2 ) from an external source to supply the system during critical periods (i.e. winter in north hemisphere). A second configuration is shown in Fig. 1(b) that does not use batteries to store energy but onl ...
... The configuration in Fig. 1(a) consists of a PV generator, a battery and a FC fed by hydrogen (H2 ) from an external source to supply the system during critical periods (i.e. winter in north hemisphere). A second configuration is shown in Fig. 1(b) that does not use batteries to store energy but onl ...
CAT IV or CAT III?
... • Uncontrolled switching on/off of the power system (failures, reaction of protective devices). ...
... • Uncontrolled switching on/off of the power system (failures, reaction of protective devices). ...
effects of generator parameters and transformer disposal on
... The result of three target system performance parameters is shown in Fig. 4. From the top to bottom, they are generator electromagnetic torque, system frequency and generator terminal voltage respectively. As can be seen, severe disturbances occurred in the generator electromagnetic torque following ...
... The result of three target system performance parameters is shown in Fig. 4. From the top to bottom, they are generator electromagnetic torque, system frequency and generator terminal voltage respectively. As can be seen, severe disturbances occurred in the generator electromagnetic torque following ...
Altera Cyclone® V-based System on Module
... flexibility to design the optimal solution for his application. ARM and FPGA signals are routed to the SMARC® interface as per standard definitions, yet FPGA interfaces can be freely configured according to user application. The SOM has a single 5V input with all power sequencing done internally, de ...
... flexibility to design the optimal solution for his application. ARM and FPGA signals are routed to the SMARC® interface as per standard definitions, yet FPGA interfaces can be freely configured according to user application. The SOM has a single 5V input with all power sequencing done internally, de ...
Customer Premise Equipment
... does specify that a CPE system must be designed to also operate with –56.6VDC and a superimposed 150VRMS simulated ringing signal. Thus, the actual system implementation must accommodate maximum voltages as high as 268.8VPEAK — this in turn specifies the rating of the overvoltage device to have a VD ...
... does specify that a CPE system must be designed to also operate with –56.6VDC and a superimposed 150VRMS simulated ringing signal. Thus, the actual system implementation must accommodate maximum voltages as high as 268.8VPEAK — this in turn specifies the rating of the overvoltage device to have a VD ...
Chapter 1 Power Electronic Devices (Part I)
... 1.1 An introductory overview of power electronic devices 1.2 Uncontrolled device — power diode 1.3 Half-controlled device — thyristor 1.4 Typical fully-controlled devices 1.5 Other new power electronic devices 1.6 Drive circuit for power electronic devices 1.7 Protection of power electronic devices ...
... 1.1 An introductory overview of power electronic devices 1.2 Uncontrolled device — power diode 1.3 Half-controlled device — thyristor 1.4 Typical fully-controlled devices 1.5 Other new power electronic devices 1.6 Drive circuit for power electronic devices 1.7 Protection of power electronic devices ...
Relay Board - Heathcote Electronics
... The relay board has 4 double pole relays and a power supply. This allows the board to be powered by a voltage from 12 to 16 volts of either AC or DC. Power supply connections are made to terminals "+" and "0V". All the relay contacts are accessible for wiring from screw terminals. Four LEDs are fitt ...
... The relay board has 4 double pole relays and a power supply. This allows the board to be powered by a voltage from 12 to 16 volts of either AC or DC. Power supply connections are made to terminals "+" and "0V". All the relay contacts are accessible for wiring from screw terminals. Four LEDs are fitt ...
2 single phase transformers - Arrdekta Institute of Technology
... Almost all major generation & Distribution Systems in the world are three phase ac systems Three phase transformers play an important role in these systems 3 phase transformers can be constructed from (a) 3 single phase transformers (b) 2 single phase transformers (c ) using a common core for three ...
... Almost all major generation & Distribution Systems in the world are three phase ac systems Three phase transformers play an important role in these systems 3 phase transformers can be constructed from (a) 3 single phase transformers (b) 2 single phase transformers (c ) using a common core for three ...
Risk-based Probabilistic Small-disturbance Security
... benefits of using a probabilistic approach to establish modal positions are outlined, however methods presented do not include further risk analysis. The work presented in [12] utilizes tetrachoric series in order to generate a probabilistic stability region for a power system. This work is limited ...
... benefits of using a probabilistic approach to establish modal positions are outlined, however methods presented do not include further risk analysis. The work presented in [12] utilizes tetrachoric series in order to generate a probabilistic stability region for a power system. This work is limited ...
Novel Dielectrics and Advanced Electrical Insulation Technology
... systems, thus the use of dielectric materials Insulators (dielectric materials) can be solid, liquid, gaseous form, in which valance electrons “strongly” attached to the atom under “normal” electrical stress (provide “high” resistance to the passage of the “electrical current”) “High Voltage” is def ...
... systems, thus the use of dielectric materials Insulators (dielectric materials) can be solid, liquid, gaseous form, in which valance electrons “strongly” attached to the atom under “normal” electrical stress (provide “high” resistance to the passage of the “electrical current”) “High Voltage” is def ...
Standard Safety High Voltage Installations On Board Ships
... • using test instruments when taking high voltage measurements can increase the risk of injury if the protective earth conductor is not connected. This can result in the enclosure of the instrument becoming live at dangerous voltages • high voltage equipment will store energy after disconnection. ...
... • using test instruments when taking high voltage measurements can increase the risk of injury if the protective earth conductor is not connected. This can result in the enclosure of the instrument becoming live at dangerous voltages • high voltage equipment will store energy after disconnection. ...
IOSR Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering PP 45-50 www.iosrjournals.org
... DVR is the series connected device that has the same structure as that of an SSSC. The main purpose of this device is to protect sensitive loads from sagging/swell, interruption in the supply side. This is accomplished by rapid series voltage injection to compensate for the drop/rise in the supply v ...
... DVR is the series connected device that has the same structure as that of an SSSC. The main purpose of this device is to protect sensitive loads from sagging/swell, interruption in the supply side. This is accomplished by rapid series voltage injection to compensate for the drop/rise in the supply v ...
Aalborg Universitet Blaabjerg, Frede; Ma, Ke; Yang, Yongheng
... change from fossil-based resources to clean renewables (e.g. wind turbines and photovoltaics) in the past few decades. The scenario of highly penetrated renewables is going to be further enhanced – Denmark expects to be 100 % fossil-free by 2050. Consequently, it is required that the production, dis ...
... change from fossil-based resources to clean renewables (e.g. wind turbines and photovoltaics) in the past few decades. The scenario of highly penetrated renewables is going to be further enhanced – Denmark expects to be 100 % fossil-free by 2050. Consequently, it is required that the production, dis ...
2SD2444K
... otherwise dispose of the same, no express or implied right or license to practice or commercially exploit any intellectual property rights or other proprietary rights owned or controlled by ROHM CO., LTD. is granted to any such buyer. Products listed in this document are no antiradiation design. ...
... otherwise dispose of the same, no express or implied right or license to practice or commercially exploit any intellectual property rights or other proprietary rights owned or controlled by ROHM CO., LTD. is granted to any such buyer. Products listed in this document are no antiradiation design. ...
Power engineering
Power engineering, also called power systems engineering, is a subfield of energy engineering that deals with the generation, transmission, distribution and utilization of electric power and the electrical devices connected to such systems including generators, motors and transformers. Although much of the field is concerned with the problems of three-phase AC power – the standard for large-scale power transmission and distribution across the modern world – a significant fraction of the field is concerned with the conversion between AC and DC power and the development of specialized power systems such as those used in aircraft or for electric railway networks. It was a subfield of electrical engineering before the emergence of energy engineering.Electricity became a subject of scientific interest in the late 17th century with the work of William Gilbert. Over the next two centuries a number of important discoveries were made including the incandescent light bulb and the voltaic pile. Probably the greatest discovery with respect to power engineering came from Michael Faraday who in 1831 discovered that a change in magnetic flux induces an electromotive force in a loop of wire—a principle known as electromagnetic induction that helps explain how generators and transformers work.In 1881 two electricians built the world's first power station at Godalming in England. The station employed two waterwheels to produce an alternating current that was used to supply seven Siemens arc lamps at 250 volts and thirty-four incandescent lamps at 40 volts. However supply was intermittent and in 1882 Thomas Edison and his company, The Edison Electric Light Company, developed the first steam-powered electric power station on Pearl Street in New York City. The Pearl Street Station consisted of several generators and initially powered around 3,000 lamps for 59 customers. The power station used direct current and operated at a single voltage. Since the direct current power could not be easily transformed to the higher voltages necessary to minimise power loss during transmission, the possible distance between the generators and load was limited to around half-a-mile (800 m).That same year in London Lucien Gaulard and John Dixon Gibbs demonstrated the first transformer suitable for use in a real power system. The practical value of Gaulard and Gibbs' transformer was demonstrated in 1884 at Turin where the transformer was used to light up forty kilometres (25 miles) of railway from a single alternating current generator. Despite the success of the system, the pair made some fundamental mistakes. Perhaps the most serious was connecting the primaries of the transformers in series so that switching one lamp on or off would affect other lamps further down the line. Following the demonstration George Westinghouse, an American entrepreneur, imported a number of the transformers along with a Siemens generator and set his engineers to experimenting with them in the hopes of improving them for use in a commercial power system.One of Westinghouse's engineers, William Stanley, recognised the problem with connecting transformers in series as opposed to parallel and also realised that making the iron core of a transformer a fully enclosed loop would improve the voltage regulation of the secondary winding. Using this knowledge he built a much improved alternating current power system at Great Barrington, Massachusetts in 1886. In 1885 the Italian physicist and electrical engineer Galileo Ferraris demonstrated an induction motor and in 1887 and 1888 the Serbian-American engineer Nikola Tesla filed a range of patents related to power systems including one for a practical two-phase induction motor which Westinghouse licensed for his AC system.By 1890 the power industry had flourished and power companies had built thousands of power systems (both direct and alternating current) in the United States and Europe – these networks were effectively dedicated to providing electric lighting. During this time a fierce rivalry in the US known as the ""War of Currents"" emerged between Edison and Westinghouse over which form of transmission (direct or alternating current) was superior. In 1891, Westinghouse installed the first major power system that was designed to drive an electric motor and not just provide electric lighting. The installation powered a 100 horsepower (75 kW) synchronous motor at Telluride, Colorado with the motor being started by a Tesla induction motor. On the other side of the Atlantic, Oskar von Miller built a 20 kV 176 km three-phase transmission line from Lauffen am Neckar to Frankfurt am Main for the Electrical Engineering Exhibition in Frankfurt. In 1895, after a protracted decision-making process, the Adams No. 1 generating station at Niagara Falls began transmitting three-phase alternating current power to Buffalo at 11 kV. Following completion of the Niagara Falls project, new power systems increasingly chose alternating current as opposed to direct current for electrical transmission.Although the 1880s and 1890s were seminal decades in the field, developments in power engineering continued throughout the 20th and 21st century. In 1936 the first commercial high-voltage direct current (HVDC) line using mercury-arc valves was built between Schenectady and Mechanicville, New York. HVDC had previously been achieved by installing direct current generators in series (a system known as the Thury system) although this suffered from serious reliability issues. In 1957 Siemens demonstrated the first solid-state rectifier (solid-state rectifiers are now the standard for HVDC systems) however it was not until the early 1970s that this technology was used in commercial power systems. In 1959 Westinghouse demonstrated the first circuit breaker that used SF6 as the interrupting medium. SF6 is a far superior dielectric to air and, in recent times, its use has been extended to produce far more compact switching equipment (known as switchgear) and transformers. Many important developments also came from extending innovations in the ICT field to the power engineering field. For example, the development of computers meant load flow studies could be run more efficiently allowing for much better planning of power systems. Advances in information technology and telecommunication also allowed for much better remote control of the power system's switchgear and generators.