Iodine deficiency disorders in Europe
... prevalence, and estimated rates of cretinism, are given in Table 2. As shown in Table 2, projections derived from field studies indicate that in Europe 97 millions of people are affected by goiter, while 141 millions are at risk of IDD and 0.9 millions have an impaired mental development. Iodine exi ...
... prevalence, and estimated rates of cretinism, are given in Table 2. As shown in Table 2, projections derived from field studies indicate that in Europe 97 millions of people are affected by goiter, while 141 millions are at risk of IDD and 0.9 millions have an impaired mental development. Iodine exi ...
Cpsp favourite questions with answers
... 49. A 37-year-old female presents to the emergency room with a fever. Chest xray shows multiple patchy infiltrates in both lungs. Echocardiography and blood cultures suggest a diagnosis of acute bacterial endocarditis limited to the tricuspid valve. Which of the following is the most probable etiolo ...
... 49. A 37-year-old female presents to the emergency room with a fever. Chest xray shows multiple patchy infiltrates in both lungs. Echocardiography and blood cultures suggest a diagnosis of acute bacterial endocarditis limited to the tricuspid valve. Which of the following is the most probable etiolo ...
OMICS Journal of Radiology
... Introduction: Dual-phase 99mTc-Medi-MIBI parathyroid scintigraphy is often used for preoperative localization of primary parathyroid adenomas. The overall accuracy has been reasonably high; however, some false-negative cases occasionally occur. Two such cases are presented, and the advantages of add ...
... Introduction: Dual-phase 99mTc-Medi-MIBI parathyroid scintigraphy is often used for preoperative localization of primary parathyroid adenomas. The overall accuracy has been reasonably high; however, some false-negative cases occasionally occur. Two such cases are presented, and the advantages of add ...
Substernal oxyphil parathyroid adenoma producing PTHrP with
... reliability of results, enabling to distinguish PHPT from non-parathyroid-dependent hypercalcemia. Eighty to 85% of patients with PHPT have a single parathyroid adenoma [1] that is ectopic in 5% to 10% of cases [2]. Ectopic parathyroid adenoma is a frequent cause of surgical failure and, therefore, ...
... reliability of results, enabling to distinguish PHPT from non-parathyroid-dependent hypercalcemia. Eighty to 85% of patients with PHPT have a single parathyroid adenoma [1] that is ectopic in 5% to 10% of cases [2]. Ectopic parathyroid adenoma is a frequent cause of surgical failure and, therefore, ...
Control of hepatic insulin-like growth factor II gene expression by
... also known to be responsible for a number of other maturational events that prepare the sheep fetus for extrauterine life (29). For example, cortisol stimulates the deiodination of thyroxine (T4 ) to triiodothyronine (T3 ) and thereby causes a prepartum increase in circulating T3 concentrations that ...
... also known to be responsible for a number of other maturational events that prepare the sheep fetus for extrauterine life (29). For example, cortisol stimulates the deiodination of thyroxine (T4 ) to triiodothyronine (T3 ) and thereby causes a prepartum increase in circulating T3 concentrations that ...
this PDF file - Design for Scientific Renaissance
... between hypothyroidism and PCOS in comparison with the healthy control group. We found alterations in some serum hormones and serum lipid profiles indicating occurrence of similar metabolic disturbances between hypothyroidism and PCOS. TSH and FT4 levels are useful indicators for both subclinical an ...
... between hypothyroidism and PCOS in comparison with the healthy control group. We found alterations in some serum hormones and serum lipid profiles indicating occurrence of similar metabolic disturbances between hypothyroidism and PCOS. TSH and FT4 levels are useful indicators for both subclinical an ...
Neuro Chapter 17 p 791-805 [4-20
... Instead, hyperthyroidism is usually primary, like Grave’s disease, thyroiditis, toxic goiter, and thyroid adenomas Symptoms of hyperthyroidism are nervousness, insomnia, weight loss, tremor, excessive sweating, heat sensitivity, increased symps, and frequent bowel movements One way to differen ...
... Instead, hyperthyroidism is usually primary, like Grave’s disease, thyroiditis, toxic goiter, and thyroid adenomas Symptoms of hyperthyroidism are nervousness, insomnia, weight loss, tremor, excessive sweating, heat sensitivity, increased symps, and frequent bowel movements One way to differen ...
Rapid Publication - Journal of Clinical Investigation
... Calcitonin mRNA levels show an even more dramatic change in response to 1,25(OH)2D3 than PTH mRNA. At 6 h after 1,25(OH)2D3 injection calcitonin mRNA levels were 6% of basal, and 2% at 48 h (Fig. 1). There was no change in these same RNA tissue extracts for somatostatin mRNA, thyroglobulin mRNA, and ...
... Calcitonin mRNA levels show an even more dramatic change in response to 1,25(OH)2D3 than PTH mRNA. At 6 h after 1,25(OH)2D3 injection calcitonin mRNA levels were 6% of basal, and 2% at 48 h (Fig. 1). There was no change in these same RNA tissue extracts for somatostatin mRNA, thyroglobulin mRNA, and ...
Thyroid Hormone, Metabolism and the Brain
... insulin in humans, the most important hormone inhibiting EGP (50). This may explain the often reported glucose intolerance in hyperthyroid patients (44;51;52), and is likely to contribute to the T3-induced EGP increase during thyrotoxicosis. Data on insulin sensitivity on the level of peripheral glu ...
... insulin in humans, the most important hormone inhibiting EGP (50). This may explain the often reported glucose intolerance in hyperthyroid patients (44;51;52), and is likely to contribute to the T3-induced EGP increase during thyrotoxicosis. Data on insulin sensitivity on the level of peripheral glu ...
content - Theses
... both acid preincubations at pH 4.3 and 4.5 are type 2A fibres and the fibres characterised by high mATPase activity after preincubation at pH 10.3 and by moderate staining after preincubation at pH 4.5 are 2B fibres. Beside these “pure” fibre types, type 1C and 2C fibres, with mixed slow and fast ch ...
... both acid preincubations at pH 4.3 and 4.5 are type 2A fibres and the fibres characterised by high mATPase activity after preincubation at pH 10.3 and by moderate staining after preincubation at pH 4.5 are 2B fibres. Beside these “pure” fibre types, type 1C and 2C fibres, with mixed slow and fast ch ...
Thymus Gland - Spirit of Health
... cows, so the calf must get it all from the colostrum. This factor may elevate colostrum`s potential in human supplementation. The spectrum of potential health benefits associated with the consumption of colostrum is innumerable. Research has shown that regular consumption of colostrum can help the ...
... cows, so the calf must get it all from the colostrum. This factor may elevate colostrum`s potential in human supplementation. The spectrum of potential health benefits associated with the consumption of colostrum is innumerable. Research has shown that regular consumption of colostrum can help the ...
Inflammatory and Infectious Processes Involving the Pituitary Gland
... Lymphocytic hypophysitis is the most common among the chronic inflammations that primarily affect the pituitary gland, surpassing granulomatous and xanthomatous lesions.6 Lymphocytic hypophysitis is an autoimmune disorder. Autoimmune hypophysitis (AH) is frequently associated with Hashimoto thyroidi ...
... Lymphocytic hypophysitis is the most common among the chronic inflammations that primarily affect the pituitary gland, surpassing granulomatous and xanthomatous lesions.6 Lymphocytic hypophysitis is an autoimmune disorder. Autoimmune hypophysitis (AH) is frequently associated with Hashimoto thyroidi ...
Differential Adaptations of the Hypothalamus-Pituitary
... from the circulation. The most important afferent connections to PVN TRHergic cells include catecholamine neurons from the brainstem (Sawchenko & Swanson, 1982) and from the ARC, a nucleus with a prominent role in energy homeostasis. Two are the main populations of neurons arising from ARC that send ...
... from the circulation. The most important afferent connections to PVN TRHergic cells include catecholamine neurons from the brainstem (Sawchenko & Swanson, 1982) and from the ARC, a nucleus with a prominent role in energy homeostasis. Two are the main populations of neurons arising from ARC that send ...
Table of Contents - American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists
... afternoon cortisol of 10.4 µg/dl. Two months after surgery, he underwent radiation therapy and received a total dose of 4500 cGy. He was initiated on testosterone replacement therapy for symptomatic hypogonadism and his steroids are gradually being tapered. A six month follow up MRI scan of the pitu ...
... afternoon cortisol of 10.4 µg/dl. Two months after surgery, he underwent radiation therapy and received a total dose of 4500 cGy. He was initiated on testosterone replacement therapy for symptomatic hypogonadism and his steroids are gradually being tapered. A six month follow up MRI scan of the pitu ...
Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Thyroid Axis and Sympathetic Nervous
... MDMA Effects on Thyroxine (T4) Levels. Twelve SpragueDawley rats were assigned to receive saline or MDMA (40 mg/kg s.c.) to assess the effects of MDMA on T4 levels 1 h post-MDMA administration. The 1-h time point was selected based on previous results that showed MDMA-induced hyperthermia to be most ...
... MDMA Effects on Thyroxine (T4) Levels. Twelve SpragueDawley rats were assigned to receive saline or MDMA (40 mg/kg s.c.) to assess the effects of MDMA on T4 levels 1 h post-MDMA administration. The 1-h time point was selected based on previous results that showed MDMA-induced hyperthermia to be most ...
Maternal Thyroid Function is the Major Determinant of Amniotic Fluid
... concentrations. All values for AF rT3 were undetectable in the MFH and MH groups in experiment 1 pared with the group C rats. Maternal hypothyroidism and in the MFH group in experiment 3. When all values was greater in the MH group than in the MFH group in a group were undetectable, the mean value a ...
... concentrations. All values for AF rT3 were undetectable in the MFH and MH groups in experiment 1 pared with the group C rats. Maternal hypothyroidism and in the MFH group in experiment 3. When all values was greater in the MH group than in the MFH group in a group were undetectable, the mean value a ...
Severe Vitamin D Deficiency: A Significant Predictor of Early
... patients on medication that affect Ca levels, including calcium/vitamin D supplements, steroids, thiazide diuretics, antiepileptic agents, and hormone replacement therapy. Patients’ charts, operative notes, and histopathology reports were reviewed in detail. Demographic data were collected, includin ...
... patients on medication that affect Ca levels, including calcium/vitamin D supplements, steroids, thiazide diuretics, antiepileptic agents, and hormone replacement therapy. Patients’ charts, operative notes, and histopathology reports were reviewed in detail. Demographic data were collected, includin ...
The Pituitary Gland - The Pituitary Foundation
... The most frequent cause of adult GH deficiency is a benign tumour of the pituitary gland - either due to the tumour itself, or by the surgery/radiotherapy used to treat the tumour. It is estimated that about three in every 10,000 of the adult population are GH deficient. Around one third of these ad ...
... The most frequent cause of adult GH deficiency is a benign tumour of the pituitary gland - either due to the tumour itself, or by the surgery/radiotherapy used to treat the tumour. It is estimated that about three in every 10,000 of the adult population are GH deficient. Around one third of these ad ...
The Hypothalamic pituitary axis part 1
... Acromegaly is caused by over secretion of growth hormone. This is most commonly a result of hypersecretion by a pituitary tumour, less commonly it may be due to oversecretion of GHRH from the hypothalamus leading to over stimulation of the pituitary and excess GH secretion. Most cases of acromegaly ...
... Acromegaly is caused by over secretion of growth hormone. This is most commonly a result of hypersecretion by a pituitary tumour, less commonly it may be due to oversecretion of GHRH from the hypothalamus leading to over stimulation of the pituitary and excess GH secretion. Most cases of acromegaly ...
Pituitary Disorders
... 2. Cranial Diabetes Insipidus (due to deficiency of ADH) NOTE – There is nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus due to resistance effect of V2 receptors in kidney to hormone ADH ...
... 2. Cranial Diabetes Insipidus (due to deficiency of ADH) NOTE – There is nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus due to resistance effect of V2 receptors in kidney to hormone ADH ...
4176 metodological instructions - Сумський державний університет
... Type 2 diabetes. Although the strategies of antihyperglycaemic therapy have not changed significantly over the past few years, there are now two major components driving the increased application of combination therapy: a) the commitment of physicians to good glycaemic targets and b) the novel avai ...
... Type 2 diabetes. Although the strategies of antihyperglycaemic therapy have not changed significantly over the past few years, there are now two major components driving the increased application of combination therapy: a) the commitment of physicians to good glycaemic targets and b) the novel avai ...
Thesis - KI Open Archive
... controls, which could be one mechanism to explain the endometrial atrophy and beneficial bleeding profile that is associated with TIB treatment. Immunostaining of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) receptor, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptor and thyroid hormone receptors was detected in al ...
... controls, which could be one mechanism to explain the endometrial atrophy and beneficial bleeding profile that is associated with TIB treatment. Immunostaining of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) receptor, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptor and thyroid hormone receptors was detected in al ...
Ulcerative Keratitis - Milliken Animal Clinic
... • Herpetic ulcers (cats)—may have history of upper respiratory infection (URI) • Discharge from the eye(s); may be clear or may contain mucus and/or pus • Squinting or spasmodic blinking (known as “blepharospasm”) • Avoidance of light (known as “photophobia”) • Redness of the moist tissues of the ey ...
... • Herpetic ulcers (cats)—may have history of upper respiratory infection (URI) • Discharge from the eye(s); may be clear or may contain mucus and/or pus • Squinting or spasmodic blinking (known as “blepharospasm”) • Avoidance of light (known as “photophobia”) • Redness of the moist tissues of the ey ...
Iodine supplementation for women during the preconception
... (Zimmermann 2012a). If the increased iodine requirements during pregnancy are not met, the concentration of T4 diminishes (hypothyroxinaemia) in both mother and fetus, which can lead to irreversible brain damage with intellectual disability and neurologic abnormalities (Glinoer 2007a; Williams 2008) ...
... (Zimmermann 2012a). If the increased iodine requirements during pregnancy are not met, the concentration of T4 diminishes (hypothyroxinaemia) in both mother and fetus, which can lead to irreversible brain damage with intellectual disability and neurologic abnormalities (Glinoer 2007a; Williams 2008) ...
Graves' disease
Graves' disease, also known as toxic diffuse goiter and Flajani-Basedow-Graves disease, is an autoimmune disease that affects the thyroid. It frequently results in hyperthyroidism and an enlarged thyroid. Signs and symptoms of hyperthyroidism may include irritability, muscle weakness, sleeping problems, a fast heartbeat, poor tolerance of heat, diarrhea, and weight loss. Other symptoms may include thickening of the skin on the shins, known as pretibial myxedema, and eye problems such as bulging, a condition known as Graves' ophthalmopathy. About 25% to 80% of people develop eye problems.The exact cause is unclear; however, it is believed to involve a combination of genetic and environmental factors. A person is more likely to be affected if they have a family member with the disease. If one twin is affected there is a 30% chance the other twin will also have the disease. The onset of disease may be triggered by stress, infection, or giving birth. Those with other autoimmune diseases such as type 1 diabetes and rheumatoid arthritis are more likely to be affected. Smoking increases the risk of disease and may make the eye problems worse. The disorder results from an antibody, called thyroid stimulating immunoglobulin (TSI), that has a similar effect to thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH). These antibodies cause the thyroid gland to produce excess thyroid hormone. The diagnosis may be suspected based on symptoms with blood tests and radioiodine uptake used to confirm the disease. Typically blood tests show a raised T3 and T4, low TSH, increased radioiodine uptake in all areas of the thyroid, and TSI antibodies.There are three treatment options: radioiodine therapy, medications, and thyroid surgery. Radioiodine therapy involves taking iodine-131 by mouth which is then concentrated in and destroys the thyroid over weeks to months. The resulting hypothyroidism is treated with synthetic thyroid hormone. Medications such as beta blockers may control the symptoms and anti-thyroid medications such as methimazole may temporarily help people while other treatments are having effect. Surgery to remove the thyroid is another option. Eye problems may require additional treatments.Graves' disease occurs in about 0.5% of people. It occurs about 7.5 times more often in women than men. Often it starts between the ages of forty and sixty. It is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism in the United States (about 50% to 80% of cases). The condition is named after Robert Graves who described it in 1835. A number of prior descriptions also exist.