Structural Adjustment Program after Structural Adjustment Program,
... Since the debt crisis of the 1980s, Philippine economic performance has been an outlier in East Asia, in spite of reform policies that generally have conformed to worldwide norms of trade liberalization and deregulation. In the 20-year period since 1980, the proportion of GDP attributed to manufactu ...
... Since the debt crisis of the 1980s, Philippine economic performance has been an outlier in East Asia, in spite of reform policies that generally have conformed to worldwide norms of trade liberalization and deregulation. In the 20-year period since 1980, the proportion of GDP attributed to manufactu ...
Why a Green Economy is a Post
... will touch upon later), one in which we move beyond technological and supply side solutions to 'green business as usual'. While of course not rejecting on Luddite grounds or other the need and desirability of technological innovations, a green economy in my view requires tackling issues of demand si ...
... will touch upon later), one in which we move beyond technological and supply side solutions to 'green business as usual'. While of course not rejecting on Luddite grounds or other the need and desirability of technological innovations, a green economy in my view requires tackling issues of demand si ...
What is Economic Growth?
... 1. Plot gross fixed capital formation, net fixed capital formation and consumption of fixed capital on a multi line graph ( one graph 3 lines) 2. Describe the trends you observe 3. Give an example of capital formation of (a) private (b) central govt (c) local govt 4. What factors might be causing th ...
... 1. Plot gross fixed capital formation, net fixed capital formation and consumption of fixed capital on a multi line graph ( one graph 3 lines) 2. Describe the trends you observe 3. Give an example of capital formation of (a) private (b) central govt (c) local govt 4. What factors might be causing th ...
lseGC_rosewell_growth
... This means that costs and benefits are assessed by different standards and with insufficient attention paid to payback, as distinct from benefit cost ratios. Private investment needs to get a payback which can cover interest and principal and over which the investor has some control. Where the retur ...
... This means that costs and benefits are assessed by different standards and with insufficient attention paid to payback, as distinct from benefit cost ratios. Private investment needs to get a payback which can cover interest and principal and over which the investor has some control. Where the retur ...
Microsoft Word document
... Corporate management is mostly concerned with a current trade balance, which displays the real commodity exchange of the industries or enterprises (e.g., [1]). The characteristic principle of subdivision of the industries in that balance is the aggregate representation of the production means and co ...
... Corporate management is mostly concerned with a current trade balance, which displays the real commodity exchange of the industries or enterprises (e.g., [1]). The characteristic principle of subdivision of the industries in that balance is the aggregate representation of the production means and co ...
The Aggregate Production Function
... factor to a country’s economic growth, has shown that rising total factor productivity is key to long-run growth. It is usually interpreted as the effect of technological progress. 4. The world economy contains examples of success and failure in the effort to achieve long-run economic growth. 20 of ...
... factor to a country’s economic growth, has shown that rising total factor productivity is key to long-run growth. It is usually interpreted as the effect of technological progress. 4. The world economy contains examples of success and failure in the effort to achieve long-run economic growth. 20 of ...
Diminishing returns to capital - McGraw
... 1. Show how small differences in growth rates can lead to large differences in living standards 2. Explain why GDP per capita is the product of average labor productivity times the proportion of the population employed and use this decomposition to discuss the sources of growth 3. Discuss the determ ...
... 1. Show how small differences in growth rates can lead to large differences in living standards 2. Explain why GDP per capita is the product of average labor productivity times the proportion of the population employed and use this decomposition to discuss the sources of growth 3. Discuss the determ ...
Presentation for conference on Non-China Developing Asia?
... after the financial crisis, the desire to rebuild foreign exchange reserves was another reason why authorities in the region intervened in foreign exchange markets to purchase dollars, but this motive has likely diminished in importance as reserves have become very substantial). Once domestic deman ...
... after the financial crisis, the desire to rebuild foreign exchange reserves was another reason why authorities in the region intervened in foreign exchange markets to purchase dollars, but this motive has likely diminished in importance as reserves have become very substantial). Once domestic deman ...
Managing Resource Wealth
... Mineral abundance US mid 19th to mid 20th century explains much of subsequent growth: driven by learning, IRTS and US government claimed no ultimate title to mineral rights (Habbakuk, 1962; David and Wright, 1977; Wright and Czelusta, 2004). Also, Germany and UK late 19th century. Lessons: avoid cor ...
... Mineral abundance US mid 19th to mid 20th century explains much of subsequent growth: driven by learning, IRTS and US government claimed no ultimate title to mineral rights (Habbakuk, 1962; David and Wright, 1977; Wright and Czelusta, 2004). Also, Germany and UK late 19th century. Lessons: avoid cor ...
No Slide Title
... What is a Recession? • National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) determines official dates for the “business cycle” • A committee of top economists called the “Business Cycle Dating Committee” makes the call: “A recession is a significant decline in activity spread across the economy, lasting mor ...
... What is a Recession? • National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) determines official dates for the “business cycle” • A committee of top economists called the “Business Cycle Dating Committee” makes the call: “A recession is a significant decline in activity spread across the economy, lasting mor ...
Moving to Concept 2
... • Unconditional or σ convergence (original studies by Baumol for OECD countries based on Maddison data). All countries end up with the same steady-state equilibirum level (NCGT). • Slower growth of richer countries as MPK falls and they get closer to technological frontier (technology is freely avai ...
... • Unconditional or σ convergence (original studies by Baumol for OECD countries based on Maddison data). All countries end up with the same steady-state equilibirum level (NCGT). • Slower growth of richer countries as MPK falls and they get closer to technological frontier (technology is freely avai ...
PDF Download
... today by the debt/GDP ratio of several dozen developing countries), it does not explode into unsustainability. If the average yield on the foreign claims equals five percent, however, trade in goods and services must be in balance to preserve the equilibrium. A yield lower than five percent would pe ...
... today by the debt/GDP ratio of several dozen developing countries), it does not explode into unsustainability. If the average yield on the foreign claims equals five percent, however, trade in goods and services must be in balance to preserve the equilibrium. A yield lower than five percent would pe ...
PRESENTATION -
... – Expenditures for pensions and salaries in the public sector larger than the economy can withstand – they need to be decreased to 11% of GDP and 8% of GDP • Even then, pensions at the upper threshold of sustainability, salaries would be at a satisfactory level – the old target for salaries of 7% of ...
... – Expenditures for pensions and salaries in the public sector larger than the economy can withstand – they need to be decreased to 11% of GDP and 8% of GDP • Even then, pensions at the upper threshold of sustainability, salaries would be at a satisfactory level – the old target for salaries of 7% of ...
On emerging markets decoupling and growth convergence
... year over the whole period, roughly in line with the back-of-the-envelope calculation in Figure 2. Is the elusive growth convergence finally materialising in the emerging world? While it is still far too early to judge, at first glance their relative growth performance is not inconsistent with the c ...
... year over the whole period, roughly in line with the back-of-the-envelope calculation in Figure 2. Is the elusive growth convergence finally materialising in the emerging world? While it is still far too early to judge, at first glance their relative growth performance is not inconsistent with the c ...
Chinese economic reform
The Chinese economic reform (simplified Chinese: 改革开放; traditional Chinese: 改革開放; pinyin: Gǎigé kāifàng; literally: ""Reform & Opening up"") refers to the program of economic reforms called ""Socialism with Chinese characteristics"" in the People's Republic of China (PRC) that was started in December 1978 by reformists within the Communist Party of China (CPC) led by Deng Xiaoping.China had one of the world's largest and most advanced economies prior to the nineteenth century. In the 18th century, Adam Smith claimed China had long been one of the richest, that is, one of the most fertile, best cultivated, most industrious, most prosperous and most urbanized countries in the world. The economy stagnated since the 16th century and even declined in absolute terms in the nineteenth and much of the twentieth century, with a brief recovery in the 1930s.Economic reforms introducing market principles began in 1978 and were carried out in two stages. The first stage, in the late 1970s and early 1980s, involved the decollectivization of agriculture, the opening up of the country to foreign investment, and permission for entrepreneurs to start businesses. However, most industry remained state-owned. The second stage of reform, in the late 1980s and 1990s, involved the privatization and contracting out of much state-owned industry and the lifting of price controls, protectionist policies, and regulations, although state monopolies in sectors such as banking and petroleum remained. The private sector grew remarkably, accounting for as much as 70 percent of China gross domestic product by 2005. From 1978 until 2013, unprecedented growth occurred, with the economy increasing by 9.5% a year. The conservative Hu-Wen Administration more heavily regulated and controlled the economy after 2005, reversing some reforms.The success of China's economic policies and the manner of their implementation has resulted in immense changes in Chinese society. Large-scale government planning programs alongside market characteristics have minimized poverty, while incomes and income inequality have increased, leading to a backlash led by the New Left. In the academic scene, scholars have debated the reason for the success of the Chinese ""dual-track"" economy, and have compared them to attempts to reform socialism in the East Bloc and the Soviet Union, and the growth of other developing economies.