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HEM 726 EDITED[1]. - National Open University of Nigeria
HEM 726 EDITED[1]. - National Open University of Nigeria

... encountered. Furthermore, all areas of the course will be examined. It is also better to use the time between finishing the last unit and sitting for the examination, to revise the entire course. You might find it useful to review your TMAs and comment on them before the examination. The final exami ...
Dengue and dengue haemorrhagic fever
Dengue and dengue haemorrhagic fever

... may be found in over one-third of patients with DF.6 Clinical findings alone are not very helpful to distinguish DF from other febrile illnesses such as the chikungunya, measles, leptospirosis, typhoid, or malaria.13,15 If symptoms start more than two weeks after the patient has left a dengue-endemi ...
Flushing vascular access catheters: Risks for infection transmission
Flushing vascular access catheters: Risks for infection transmission

... Every time a catheter is flushed, there’s a risk of infection. Lynn Hadaway gives Infection Control Resource some suggestions on reducing that risk. What is the relationship between catheter lumen occlusion and bloodstream infection? After a catheter has been placed, plasma proteins and platelets be ...
Antimicrobial resistance in shigellosis, cholera and campylobacteriosis
Antimicrobial resistance in shigellosis, cholera and campylobacteriosis

... For shigellosis, antibiotics are the primary treatment. Patients treated with an ineffective antibiotic may have more complications than if they had not been treated, because the antibiotic is likely to affect the normal intestinal flora, thus actually favouring the growth of the resistant shigella. ...
- Journal of Infection and Public Health
- Journal of Infection and Public Health

... to the normal thermoregulatory processes that follow exposure to cold temperatures. However, in fever the thermal balance point is reset to a higher level such that normal peripheral and central body temperatures are now sensed as cold temperature signals by the thermoregulatory circuitry [2—5]. Con ...
cache - Lymenet.de
cache - Lymenet.de

... by the lack of a sensitive screening test to identify individuals who may unknowingly already be infected with the Lyme bacteria. According to Dr. Denise Foley, a professor and researcher at Chapman University near Los Angeles, the vaccine does not offer protection against all strains of the Lyme ba ...
IRC Report - National Medical Research Council
IRC Report - National Medical Research Council

... identified as the earliest infected case) led to acute infections with extremely high quantities of virus in these patients. b. All affected patients had many exposures to intravenous medications and/ or laboratory tests that required blood taking, exacerbating the risks of HCV spread through gaps i ...
Guide to Preventing Clostridium difficile Infections
Guide to Preventing Clostridium difficile Infections

... sepsis, and death. Figure 1.1 provides graphic demonstration of the transmission and impact of C. difficile. C. difficile infection (CDI) is the leading cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhea and a highly problematic healthcare-associated infection (HAI).5 The development of CDI most ...
National Hepatitis C Strategy 2011-2014
National Hepatitis C Strategy 2011-2014

... Hepatitis C is a disease of the liver caused by a virus identified in 1989 as the hepatitis C virus. Hepatitis C is a communicable disease that is spread from person to person by contact with infected blood or body fluids. Intravenous drug use and receipt of unscreened blood or blood products are we ...
Biological Feasibility of Measles Eradication
Biological Feasibility of Measles Eradication

... Recent progress in reducing global measles mortality has renewed interest in measles eradication. Three biological criteria are deemed important for disease eradication: (1) humans are the sole pathogen reservoir; (2) accurate diagnostic tests exist; and (3) an effective, practical intervention is a ...
pneumonia
pneumonia

... The first step is to get vaccinated. The pneumonia vaccine, the pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPSV), can be effective protection against pneumonia. The vaccine is a simple injection with minimal side effects. It should be given to people ages 2 to 64 that have risk factors such as cancer, ci ...
pneumonia
pneumonia

... The first step is to get vaccinated. The pneumonia vaccine, the pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPSV), can be effective protection against pneumonia. The vaccine is a simple injection with minimal side effects. It should be given to people ages 2 to 64 that have risk factors such as cancer, ci ...
Antimicrobial properties of resveratrol: a review
Antimicrobial properties of resveratrol: a review

... Antibacterial therapy is a powerful tool for the treatment ofseveral diseases, and is a keystone of modern medicinalpractice. However, the increased resistance of microorganismsto the currently used antimicrobials has lead to theevaluation of other agents with potential antimicrobialactivity[10-12]. ...


... same time, the success of treatment in prolonging the lives of people infected with HIV, means our editors, readers and audiences think the emergency is over—no story. Not true. The story has changed, but it is no less urgent. There have always been what many call, “two worlds of AIDS”— those who ha ...
Micro Chapter 13 [4-20
Micro Chapter 13 [4-20

... o Otitis media is the most common reason for a kid to come to the doctors Strep pneumonia can also get to sterile places it shouldn’t be, like the peritoneal cavity (peritonitis), joints (septic arthritis), or heart valves (endocarditis) The environmental reservoir of strep pneumonia is humans, but ...
Imaging of community-acquired pneumonia: Roles of imaging
Imaging of community-acquired pneumonia: Roles of imaging

... infected in the hospital (24 h later after the hospitalization)[2]. The third term, nursing home acquired pneumonia that is acquired in the nursing home, has recently been proposed, which has intermediate characteristics between community-acquired and hospital-acquired pneumonia[3]. The pathogens of ...
Trainer Manual - Addiction Technology Transfer Center
Trainer Manual - Addiction Technology Transfer Center

... The  curriculum  development  team  recommends  that  trainers  (1)  be  experienced  in  conducting training for behavioral health and primary care providers (minimum of two  years  of  general  training  experience);  (2)  have  a  background  in  behavior  health  and  infectious diseases; and (3 ...
Saliva as a Mirror of the Body Health
Saliva as a Mirror of the Body Health

... or oral fluid) is a mixture of oral fluids and includes secretions from both the major and minor salivary glands. In addition to several constituents of non-salivary origin, such as gingival crevicular fluid GSF , the area between tooth and marginal free gingiva,oro-naso-pharyngeal secretions, serum ...
F
F

... throughout Europe, even in urban areas. In parallel, in the European Union some food‐borne  zoonoses  are  increasing  in  frequency  each  year.  To  compound  these  factors,  antimicrobial  resistance is a global threat and should be monitored to prevent its spread.  The purpose of this Thesis wa ...
Wolbachia confers sex-specific resistance and tolerance to
Wolbachia confers sex-specific resistance and tolerance to

... its   ability   to   protect   its   native   fruit   fly   hosts   from   bacterial   infections   has   not   been   ...
Olfactory Dysfunction: Common in Later Life and Early Warning of
Olfactory Dysfunction: Common in Later Life and Early Warning of

... greatly reduced. Owing to these limitations many patients with olfactory dysfunction show signs of depression (2). Interestingly, around 5% of people are anosmic. The loss of olfactory function clearly increases with age: Above 50, a quarter of the population has an impaired sense of smell (presbyos ...
Varicella (Chickenpox) and Herpes Zoster (Shingles): Healthcare Professionals
Varicella (Chickenpox) and Herpes Zoster (Shingles): Healthcare Professionals

... • VZV establishes latency in dorsal root ganglia after primary infection • VZV can reactivate at a later time, causing herpes zoster • There are 3 licensed vaccines to prevent varicella (Varivax®, Proquad®) and herpes zoster (Zostavax®) in the US: – Varivax® (licensed 1995) – Proquad® (licensed 2005 ...
Postinfectious Cough - CHEST Journal
Postinfectious Cough - CHEST Journal

... reported and to the fact that most patients in these series had experienced the cough for many months or years. In children, the specific infection causing the postinfectious cough in most cases remains unidentified. Respiratory viruses (particularly respiratory syncytial virus, influenza, parainflu ...
Dental Hygiene OSHA Manual
Dental Hygiene OSHA Manual

... OSHA’s general industry standards on personal protective equipment (PPE) impose compliance obligations on dentists. The material on the following pages explains these obligations and what you must do to comply if you are an employer with one or more employees. As you know, the use of personal protec ...
Guidelines for chemotherapy of tuberculosis in Taiwan
Guidelines for chemotherapy of tuberculosis in Taiwan

... administered in the initial 2 months of treatment ...
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Transmission (medicine)

In medicine and biology, transmission is the passing of a communicable disease from an infected host individual or group to a particular individual or group, regardless of whether the other individual was previously infected.The term usually refers to the transmission of microorganisms directly from one individual to another by one or more of the following means: droplet contact – coughing or sneezing on another individual direct physical contact – touching an infected individual, including sexual contact indirect physical contact – usually by touching soil contamination or a contaminated surface (fomite) airborne transmission – if the microorganism can remain in the air for long periods fecal-oral transmission – usually from unwashed hands, contaminated food or water sources due to lack of sanitation and hygiene, an important transmission route in pediatrics, veterinary medicine and developing countries.Transmission can also be indirect, via another organism, either a vector (e.g. a mosquito or fly) or an intermediate host (e.g. tapeworm in pigs can be transmitted to humans who ingest improperly cooked pork). Indirect transmission could involve zoonoses or, more typically, larger pathogens like macroparasites with more complex life cycles.
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