Adverse Reactions to Blood Products
... • if delayed (3-14 days after transfusion): – investigate for delayed hemolytic transfusion reaction (DHTR) • usually non-ABO antibodies that took time to “resurge” after the offending red cell transfusion • may not have symptoms of hemolysis (fever, hemoglobinuria) ...
... • if delayed (3-14 days after transfusion): – investigate for delayed hemolytic transfusion reaction (DHTR) • usually non-ABO antibodies that took time to “resurge” after the offending red cell transfusion • may not have symptoms of hemolysis (fever, hemoglobinuria) ...
Endosymbiont Tolerance and Control within Insect Hosts
... proteins to the host cytoplasm [45], likewise to intracellular pathogenic bacteria [46]. Interestingly, it was shown that polydnaviruses use ANK proteins to suppress the insect immune system [47]. Spiroplasma endosymbionts of insects can be found both extra- and intracellularly and can form a range ...
... proteins to the host cytoplasm [45], likewise to intracellular pathogenic bacteria [46]. Interestingly, it was shown that polydnaviruses use ANK proteins to suppress the insect immune system [47]. Spiroplasma endosymbionts of insects can be found both extra- and intracellularly and can form a range ...
The testis in immune privilege
... animals (8, 9). More recently, the transplantation of spermatogonia into germ-cell-depleted testis could restore spermatogenesis, even across species borders in some instances. As transplantation of tissue fragments occurs in the interstitial space and spermatogonia are injected into the lumen of th ...
... animals (8, 9). More recently, the transplantation of spermatogonia into germ-cell-depleted testis could restore spermatogenesis, even across species borders in some instances. As transplantation of tissue fragments occurs in the interstitial space and spermatogonia are injected into the lumen of th ...
CD4 and CD8 T Cells Are - The Journal of Immunology
... (LM),3 is a Gram-positive bacterium that invades host cells, escapes from the endosome, and replicates within the host cell cytosol (2). LM proteins are presented by both MHC class I and class II pathways and stimulate strong CD8 and CD4 T cell responses (1, 3). The in vivo dynamics of the CD8 T cel ...
... (LM),3 is a Gram-positive bacterium that invades host cells, escapes from the endosome, and replicates within the host cell cytosol (2). LM proteins are presented by both MHC class I and class II pathways and stimulate strong CD8 and CD4 T cell responses (1, 3). The in vivo dynamics of the CD8 T cel ...
Secretion by Human Monocytes Inducers of
... intestine, where it quickly penetrates the epithelium. A clinically asymptomatic incubation period of 8 to 14 days ensues until clinical onset of typhoid fever, characterized by symptoms that include fever and malaise and by a sustained, low-level bacteremia (17, 18, 22). The mechanisms leading to t ...
... intestine, where it quickly penetrates the epithelium. A clinically asymptomatic incubation period of 8 to 14 days ensues until clinical onset of typhoid fever, characterized by symptoms that include fever and malaise and by a sustained, low-level bacteremia (17, 18, 22). The mechanisms leading to t ...
Malaria Blood Stage Parasites Activate Human Plasmacytoid
... DC subsets may be programmed to perform distinct functions through their lineage and their differences in TLR expression. In addition to replenishing the pool of tissue-residing immature DCs, these circulating DC precursors could play a critical role in both innate and adaptive immunity against path ...
... DC subsets may be programmed to perform distinct functions through their lineage and their differences in TLR expression. In addition to replenishing the pool of tissue-residing immature DCs, these circulating DC precursors could play a critical role in both innate and adaptive immunity against path ...
R. Mantegazza
... Innate immunity is the first line of defense against infection. The characteristics of the innate immune response include the following: Responses are broad-spectrum (non-specific) There is no memory or lasting protective immunity There is a limited repertoire of recognition molecules The re ...
... Innate immunity is the first line of defense against infection. The characteristics of the innate immune response include the following: Responses are broad-spectrum (non-specific) There is no memory or lasting protective immunity There is a limited repertoire of recognition molecules The re ...
NIH Center for Human Immunology
... modeling methods for mining these diverse data to aid in understanding immune function and pathology; and (c) protocol development, with staff dedicated to efficient translation of science to the clinic while meeting appropriate ethical and regulatory requirements for human research. 3. The center’s ...
... modeling methods for mining these diverse data to aid in understanding immune function and pathology; and (c) protocol development, with staff dedicated to efficient translation of science to the clinic while meeting appropriate ethical and regulatory requirements for human research. 3. The center’s ...
Alterations of cell-mediated immunity following cardiac operations
... usually show two to three of the four symptoms, which define the so-called systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS). In addition, all parameters of the innate, nonspecific immune system, e.g., polymorphonuclear cells, elastase, and complement, are activated. This also applies to the proinflamm ...
... usually show two to three of the four symptoms, which define the so-called systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS). In addition, all parameters of the innate, nonspecific immune system, e.g., polymorphonuclear cells, elastase, and complement, are activated. This also applies to the proinflamm ...
Negative-Strand RNA Viruses Maturation and Adaptive Immunity by
... DC maturation after SeV infection is independent of MyD88mediated signaling In mice, TLR7, TLR8, and TLR9 are expressed in myeloid DCs, pivotal in the initiation of adaptive immunity (29). To test the requirement for TLR7, 8, or 9 stimulation in the induction of myeloid DC maturation, we took advant ...
... DC maturation after SeV infection is independent of MyD88mediated signaling In mice, TLR7, TLR8, and TLR9 are expressed in myeloid DCs, pivotal in the initiation of adaptive immunity (29). To test the requirement for TLR7, 8, or 9 stimulation in the induction of myeloid DC maturation, we took advant ...
Studies on the development of a vaccine against Mycobacterium sp.
... 1998 and Black et al., 1999) that result in vasodilatation, an influx of immune cells and activation of macrophages. As a result, granulomatous inflammation occurs at the site of PPD injection, ceasing only after degradation of the antigen. The innate immune response, the first line of defense again ...
... 1998 and Black et al., 1999) that result in vasodilatation, an influx of immune cells and activation of macrophages. As a result, granulomatous inflammation occurs at the site of PPD injection, ceasing only after degradation of the antigen. The innate immune response, the first line of defense again ...
Are mesenchymal stromal cells immune cells? Open Access Martin J Hoogduijn
... proliferation inhibitory cell surface molecules (programmed death ligand 1, Fas ligand) and metabolic enzymes (indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase, CD73) that target immune cells in various ways. APC, antigen-presenting cell; NK, natural killer; TLR, Toll-like receptor. ...
... proliferation inhibitory cell surface molecules (programmed death ligand 1, Fas ligand) and metabolic enzymes (indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase, CD73) that target immune cells in various ways. APC, antigen-presenting cell; NK, natural killer; TLR, Toll-like receptor. ...
Transfer Factor - GlobalSuccess4Life.com
... kinds of invaders. It is provided by barriers such as tears, saliva, mucus, and skin. It is also provided by the rapid inflammation of tissues shortly after injury or infection. These nonspecific or general responses hinder the entrance and spread of disease, but rarely prevent disease completely. ( ...
... kinds of invaders. It is provided by barriers such as tears, saliva, mucus, and skin. It is also provided by the rapid inflammation of tissues shortly after injury or infection. These nonspecific or general responses hinder the entrance and spread of disease, but rarely prevent disease completely. ( ...
Sleep, Immunity, and Circadian Clocks: A Mechanistic Model
... candidate for communication between sleep and immune regulation. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of the interaction between sleep, circadian clocks, and the immune system, and present a model of how sleep (loss) may affect immune function at different levels. ...
... candidate for communication between sleep and immune regulation. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of the interaction between sleep, circadian clocks, and the immune system, and present a model of how sleep (loss) may affect immune function at different levels. ...
Chapter 12 - UBC Physics
... The T cell repertoire is the set of all the V regions expressed by T cells, together with the frequency of each of the V regions. T cell V regions are enormously diverse, but the repertoire is not random; not all protein antigens are recognized by T cells with equal frequency. T cell receptors prefe ...
... The T cell repertoire is the set of all the V regions expressed by T cells, together with the frequency of each of the V regions. T cell V regions are enormously diverse, but the repertoire is not random; not all protein antigens are recognized by T cells with equal frequency. T cell receptors prefe ...
Manipulating the in vivo immune response by targeted gene
... avoids the batch-to-batch variation of producing recombinant antibodies in biological systems. Moreover, aptamers are stable even at high temperatures (self-refolding if denatured) and have a long shelf-life. Antibodies (even humanized antibodies) typically generate anti-idiotypic responses that can ...
... avoids the batch-to-batch variation of producing recombinant antibodies in biological systems. Moreover, aptamers are stable even at high temperatures (self-refolding if denatured) and have a long shelf-life. Antibodies (even humanized antibodies) typically generate anti-idiotypic responses that can ...
Review: The microstructure of secondary lymphoid organs that
... Goat F(ab')2 to rabbit Ig Donkey Ig to rabbit Ig ...
... Goat F(ab')2 to rabbit Ig Donkey Ig to rabbit Ig ...
M261 MHC class I antigen presentation April 17, 2000
... THE ROLE OF CATHEPSINS IN MHC CLASS II ANTIGEN PRESENTATION • Cathepsin L is especially important in thymic epithelial cells, which present antigen for positive selection of thymocytes. ...
... THE ROLE OF CATHEPSINS IN MHC CLASS II ANTIGEN PRESENTATION • Cathepsin L is especially important in thymic epithelial cells, which present antigen for positive selection of thymocytes. ...
Platelets as immune-sensing cells
... inflammation influences both coagulation2 and the immune functions of platelets.3 In this report, we will focus on and advocate for the emerging role of platelet immune functions in a nonhemostatic and inflammatory setting. This includes the ability of platelets to battle invading pathogens during i ...
... inflammation influences both coagulation2 and the immune functions of platelets.3 In this report, we will focus on and advocate for the emerging role of platelet immune functions in a nonhemostatic and inflammatory setting. This includes the ability of platelets to battle invading pathogens during i ...
Cutting Edge: CpG Oligodeoxynucleotides Trigger Protective and
... crucial for the control of L. major persisting in resistant mice (17). Inhibition of inducible NO synthase by L-N6-iminoethyl-lysine (L-NIL) leads to reactivation of the cutaneous lesions (18). To investigate whether CpG-ODN-treated BALB/c mice also control the infection by a NO-dependent mechanism, ...
... crucial for the control of L. major persisting in resistant mice (17). Inhibition of inducible NO synthase by L-N6-iminoethyl-lysine (L-NIL) leads to reactivation of the cutaneous lesions (18). To investigate whether CpG-ODN-treated BALB/c mice also control the infection by a NO-dependent mechanism, ...
Childhood Immune Maturation and Allergy Development: Regulation by Maternal
... protects against allergic sensitization and disease, whereas exposures during infancy alone have weaker or no effect at all 13, 25, 26. Continued enhanced postnatal microbial exposure may be required for optimal allergy protection, however 26. Furthermore, in human allergy intervention studies, prob ...
... protects against allergic sensitization and disease, whereas exposures during infancy alone have weaker or no effect at all 13, 25, 26. Continued enhanced postnatal microbial exposure may be required for optimal allergy protection, however 26. Furthermore, in human allergy intervention studies, prob ...
Tetanus Toxoid Pulsed Monocyte Vaccination For Augmentation Of
... collateral growth.16–18 The multifactorial nature of this process may explain why single-factor approaches for the augmentation of arteriogenesis have generated mixed results (reviewed in1,19), which has thus led to the investigation of cell-based therapies. Autologous bone marrow-derived stem and p ...
... collateral growth.16–18 The multifactorial nature of this process may explain why single-factor approaches for the augmentation of arteriogenesis have generated mixed results (reviewed in1,19), which has thus led to the investigation of cell-based therapies. Autologous bone marrow-derived stem and p ...
Immune system
The immune system is a system of many biological structures and processes within an organism that protects against disease. To function properly, an immune system must detect a wide variety of agents, known as pathogens, from viruses to parasitic worms, and distinguish them from the organism's own healthy tissue. In many species, the immune system can be classified into subsystems, such as the innate immune system versus the adaptive immune system, or humoral immunity versus cell-mediated immunity.Pathogens can rapidly evolve and adapt, and thereby avoid detection and neutralization by the immune system; however, multiple defense mechanisms have also evolved to recognize and neutralize pathogens. Even simple unicellular organisms such as bacteria possess a rudimentary immune system, in the form of enzymes that protect against bacteriophage infections. Other basic immune mechanisms evolved in ancient eukaryotes and remain in their modern descendants, such as plants and insects. These mechanisms include phagocytosis, antimicrobial peptides called defensins, and the complement system. Jawed vertebrates, including humans, have even more sophisticated defense mechanisms, including the ability to adapt over time to recognize specific pathogens more efficiently. Adaptive (or acquired) immunity creates immunological memory after an initial response to a specific pathogen, leading to an enhanced response to subsequent encounters with that same pathogen. This process of acquired immunity is the basis of vaccination.Disorders of the immune system can result in autoimmune diseases, inflammatory diseases and cancer.Immunodeficiency occurs when the immune system is less active than normal, resulting in recurring and life-threatening infections. In humans, immunodeficiency can either be the result of a genetic disease such as severe combined immunodeficiency, acquired conditions such as HIV/AIDS, or the use of immunosuppressive medication. In contrast, autoimmunity results from a hyperactive immune system attacking normal tissues as if they were foreign organisms. Common autoimmune diseases include Hashimoto's thyroiditis, rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes mellitus type 1, and systemic lupus erythematosus. Immunology covers the study of all aspects of the immune system.