Sex and Behaviour * Immune Response to Parasites
... The media’s role in the MMR controversy Many studies have concluded that the MMR vaccine is safe and only a few studies claim that it isn’t. However, this was not reflected by the media coverage. .The majority of coverage centred on the possibility of a link between the MMR vaccine and autism, whil ...
... The media’s role in the MMR controversy Many studies have concluded that the MMR vaccine is safe and only a few studies claim that it isn’t. However, this was not reflected by the media coverage. .The majority of coverage centred on the possibility of a link between the MMR vaccine and autism, whil ...
To the principal Azra naheed Medical college Lahore
... .Principal pattern for intracellular microbes .Tuberculin reaction (Erythema , Induration) .Memory T lymphocytes circulate for years . Lymphokines recruit inflammatory cells .Generation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes ...
... .Principal pattern for intracellular microbes .Tuberculin reaction (Erythema , Induration) .Memory T lymphocytes circulate for years . Lymphokines recruit inflammatory cells .Generation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes ...
Name___________________________ Immune System Anatomy
... Autoimmune diseases occur when the immune system fails to recognize the body’s own molecules as “self,” or belonging to the person. Instead, it attacks body cells as though they were dangerous pathogens. Some relatively common autoimmune diseases are listed in Table 24.1. These diseases cannot be cu ...
... Autoimmune diseases occur when the immune system fails to recognize the body’s own molecules as “self,” or belonging to the person. Instead, it attacks body cells as though they were dangerous pathogens. Some relatively common autoimmune diseases are listed in Table 24.1. These diseases cannot be cu ...
Immune Memory and Vaccines
... – “Artificially” acquired active immunity: Vaccines… *Passive immunity: Antibodies come from outside source—body does not produce them from activated B-cells. Source can be “natural (from mother’s blood across placenta in fetus or mother’s milk during nursing in infant) or “artificial” as in antibod ...
... – “Artificially” acquired active immunity: Vaccines… *Passive immunity: Antibodies come from outside source—body does not produce them from activated B-cells. Source can be “natural (from mother’s blood across placenta in fetus or mother’s milk during nursing in infant) or “artificial” as in antibod ...
Immune/Lympathic
... (HIV) Capable of becoming multi drug-resistant AIDS is the final stage of the HIV infection Average incubation period for AIDS development is 10 years from point of infection Characterized by opportunistic infections There is no cure ...
... (HIV) Capable of becoming multi drug-resistant AIDS is the final stage of the HIV infection Average incubation period for AIDS development is 10 years from point of infection Characterized by opportunistic infections There is no cure ...
immune system - Doral Academy Preparatory
... blood cells. • They are Y-shaped proteins that each respond to a specific antigen (bacteria, virus or toxin). • Each antibody has a special section (at the tips of the two branches of the Y) that is sensitive to a specific antigen and binds to it in some way. ...
... blood cells. • They are Y-shaped proteins that each respond to a specific antigen (bacteria, virus or toxin). • Each antibody has a special section (at the tips of the two branches of the Y) that is sensitive to a specific antigen and binds to it in some way. ...
Answers to WHAT DID YOU LEARN QUESTIONS
... The white pulp is associated with the arterial supply of the spleen and consists of circular clusters of lymphatic tissue (T-lymphocytes, B-lymphocytes, and macrophages). The red pulp is associated with the venous supply of the spleen. It consists of splenic cords (cords of Bilroth) and splenic sinu ...
... The white pulp is associated with the arterial supply of the spleen and consists of circular clusters of lymphatic tissue (T-lymphocytes, B-lymphocytes, and macrophages). The red pulp is associated with the venous supply of the spleen. It consists of splenic cords (cords of Bilroth) and splenic sinu ...
Challenge Biomedical Science – Immunology The Immune
... invader and destroy it. T Cells identify and destroy any human cells which may have died or changed or those which it recognises as non-human. Some B & T cells produced live on after the first attack and help the body fight against a second attack should it occur. You are therefore immune to these b ...
... invader and destroy it. T Cells identify and destroy any human cells which may have died or changed or those which it recognises as non-human. Some B & T cells produced live on after the first attack and help the body fight against a second attack should it occur. You are therefore immune to these b ...
lecture08_C
... for each pathogen Effective against both intra- and extracellular pathogens Two main components: Humoral immunity - Relies on Antibodies produced by B-lymphocytes - Fights pathogens outside of cells ...
... for each pathogen Effective against both intra- and extracellular pathogens Two main components: Humoral immunity - Relies on Antibodies produced by B-lymphocytes - Fights pathogens outside of cells ...
Pathogens and the immune system
... • Antibody mediated immunity • Cell mediated immunity Æ Pathogens within cells • Diversity to recognize 100 million antigens ...
... • Antibody mediated immunity • Cell mediated immunity Æ Pathogens within cells • Diversity to recognize 100 million antigens ...
Immune System Summmary
... Imagine that you have cut your finger on a sharp, rusty, dirty object. Bacteria have been allowed to by-pass your first line of defense, a mechanical barrier called the skin. Immediately blood flows from the wound. Flowing out through the wound are all kinds of blood cells, red blood cells (erythroc ...
... Imagine that you have cut your finger on a sharp, rusty, dirty object. Bacteria have been allowed to by-pass your first line of defense, a mechanical barrier called the skin. Immediately blood flows from the wound. Flowing out through the wound are all kinds of blood cells, red blood cells (erythroc ...
Lecture (5) Dr
... The innate immune system is our first line of defense against invading organisms while the adaptive immune system acts as a second line of defense and also affords protection against re-exposure to the same pathogen. Each of the major subdivisions of the immune system has both cellular and humoral c ...
... The innate immune system is our first line of defense against invading organisms while the adaptive immune system acts as a second line of defense and also affords protection against re-exposure to the same pathogen. Each of the major subdivisions of the immune system has both cellular and humoral c ...
9.2 Types of Antibodies and Vaccines ppt
... 1. IgG: Helps fight bacteria, viruses and toxins. Activates complement. 2. IgA: Found in exocrine excretions to fight particles in tears, stomach juices, bile and urine. 3. IgM: Recognize food and bacteria antigens in the blood. Activates complement. Helps agglutinate or clump antigens. 4. IgD: Foun ...
... 1. IgG: Helps fight bacteria, viruses and toxins. Activates complement. 2. IgA: Found in exocrine excretions to fight particles in tears, stomach juices, bile and urine. 3. IgM: Recognize food and bacteria antigens in the blood. Activates complement. Helps agglutinate or clump antigens. 4. IgD: Foun ...
Antigen recognition in innate and adaptive immunity
... Involvement of self-peptides in T cell Recognition • Surprising recent finding is that agonist peptide is enhanced by the inclusion of endogenous self peptide MHC complexes. • Model is now a pseudo-dimer where activation involves dimerization of agonist peptide MHC and self peptide MHC together. • ...
... Involvement of self-peptides in T cell Recognition • Surprising recent finding is that agonist peptide is enhanced by the inclusion of endogenous self peptide MHC complexes. • Model is now a pseudo-dimer where activation involves dimerization of agonist peptide MHC and self peptide MHC together. • ...
Disorders in Immunity
... When there is a loss of self tolerance, can not distinguish themselves 1. T cells target host cells 2. Production of antibody ...
... When there is a loss of self tolerance, can not distinguish themselves 1. T cells target host cells 2. Production of antibody ...
File
... MOLECULE ON A PATHOGEN OR A TOXIN. • ANTIGEN-ANTIBODY COMPLEXES MAY INACTIVATE A PATHOGEN OR TOXIN OR RENDER IT MORE SUSCEPTIBLE TO PHAGOCYTOSIS. • IN OTHER CASES THE ANTIGEN-ANTIBODY COMPLEX STIMULATES A RESPONSE WHICH RESULTS IN CELL LYSIS. • B LYMPHOCYTES ACTIVATED BY ANTIGEN PRESENTING CELLS AND ...
... MOLECULE ON A PATHOGEN OR A TOXIN. • ANTIGEN-ANTIBODY COMPLEXES MAY INACTIVATE A PATHOGEN OR TOXIN OR RENDER IT MORE SUSCEPTIBLE TO PHAGOCYTOSIS. • IN OTHER CASES THE ANTIGEN-ANTIBODY COMPLEX STIMULATES A RESPONSE WHICH RESULTS IN CELL LYSIS. • B LYMPHOCYTES ACTIVATED BY ANTIGEN PRESENTING CELLS AND ...
Microscopic Level – Cells of the Epidermis
... synaptic connections with sensory nerves that carry touch information to the brain. These cells are abundant on the surface of the hands and feet. Melanocytes are cells in the bottom layer of epidermis that produce the pigment melanin, which gives hair and skin its color. Individuals whose melanocyt ...
... synaptic connections with sensory nerves that carry touch information to the brain. These cells are abundant on the surface of the hands and feet. Melanocytes are cells in the bottom layer of epidermis that produce the pigment melanin, which gives hair and skin its color. Individuals whose melanocyt ...
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
... First Line of Defense – Includes the skin and mucous membrane; acidic skin secretions inhibit bacterial growth, secretions containing enzymes destroy bacteria and mucus traps microorganisms Second Line of Defense – Includes cells and chemicals Phagocytes – engulfs a foreign particle and uses diges ...
... First Line of Defense – Includes the skin and mucous membrane; acidic skin secretions inhibit bacterial growth, secretions containing enzymes destroy bacteria and mucus traps microorganisms Second Line of Defense – Includes cells and chemicals Phagocytes – engulfs a foreign particle and uses diges ...
T cell targeting of latent cytomegalovirus infected cells: can viral
... to prevent T cell recognition and killing of the latently infected cell (Mason et al, 2012). In addition we have shown that at least two viral proteins known to be expressed during latency (UL138 and LUNA) are targets for host CD4+ T cells (Mason et al 2013) and have established that other viral gen ...
... to prevent T cell recognition and killing of the latently infected cell (Mason et al, 2012). In addition we have shown that at least two viral proteins known to be expressed during latency (UL138 and LUNA) are targets for host CD4+ T cells (Mason et al 2013) and have established that other viral gen ...
LECTURE OUTLINE
... activated. The spleen filters the blood. Lymph nodes are packed with B and T cells. 13.2 Innate and Acquired Immunity Immunity is the body’s capability of removing or killing foreign substances, pathogens, and cancer cells. Mechanisms of innate immunity are fully functional without previous exposure ...
... activated. The spleen filters the blood. Lymph nodes are packed with B and T cells. 13.2 Innate and Acquired Immunity Immunity is the body’s capability of removing or killing foreign substances, pathogens, and cancer cells. Mechanisms of innate immunity are fully functional without previous exposure ...
chapter16
... inserted into the lumen of the ER MHC I proteins bind to the peptides and then are displayed on the cell’s surface CD8+ Tc cells recognize these microbial peptides and kill the cell Puncturing holes in the membrane with perforin Inducing a death signal that causes DNA fragmentation ...
... inserted into the lumen of the ER MHC I proteins bind to the peptides and then are displayed on the cell’s surface CD8+ Tc cells recognize these microbial peptides and kill the cell Puncturing holes in the membrane with perforin Inducing a death signal that causes DNA fragmentation ...
Immune system
The immune system is a system of many biological structures and processes within an organism that protects against disease. To function properly, an immune system must detect a wide variety of agents, known as pathogens, from viruses to parasitic worms, and distinguish them from the organism's own healthy tissue. In many species, the immune system can be classified into subsystems, such as the innate immune system versus the adaptive immune system, or humoral immunity versus cell-mediated immunity.Pathogens can rapidly evolve and adapt, and thereby avoid detection and neutralization by the immune system; however, multiple defense mechanisms have also evolved to recognize and neutralize pathogens. Even simple unicellular organisms such as bacteria possess a rudimentary immune system, in the form of enzymes that protect against bacteriophage infections. Other basic immune mechanisms evolved in ancient eukaryotes and remain in their modern descendants, such as plants and insects. These mechanisms include phagocytosis, antimicrobial peptides called defensins, and the complement system. Jawed vertebrates, including humans, have even more sophisticated defense mechanisms, including the ability to adapt over time to recognize specific pathogens more efficiently. Adaptive (or acquired) immunity creates immunological memory after an initial response to a specific pathogen, leading to an enhanced response to subsequent encounters with that same pathogen. This process of acquired immunity is the basis of vaccination.Disorders of the immune system can result in autoimmune diseases, inflammatory diseases and cancer.Immunodeficiency occurs when the immune system is less active than normal, resulting in recurring and life-threatening infections. In humans, immunodeficiency can either be the result of a genetic disease such as severe combined immunodeficiency, acquired conditions such as HIV/AIDS, or the use of immunosuppressive medication. In contrast, autoimmunity results from a hyperactive immune system attacking normal tissues as if they were foreign organisms. Common autoimmune diseases include Hashimoto's thyroiditis, rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes mellitus type 1, and systemic lupus erythematosus. Immunology covers the study of all aspects of the immune system.