Reconnaissance, Recognition, and Response
... Because they are nonspecific, interferons produced in response to one virus may confer short-term resistance to unrelated viruses. One type of interferon activates phagocytes. Interferons can be produced by recombinant DNA technology and are being tested for the treatment of viral infections and can ...
... Because they are nonspecific, interferons produced in response to one virus may confer short-term resistance to unrelated viruses. One type of interferon activates phagocytes. Interferons can be produced by recombinant DNA technology and are being tested for the treatment of viral infections and can ...
Immunologic Disorders
... – Differences between donor and recipient tissues (MHC) – Mainly type IV reaction: combination of Tc cells and NK cells ...
... – Differences between donor and recipient tissues (MHC) – Mainly type IV reaction: combination of Tc cells and NK cells ...
MALARIAL VACCINES
... Designed against erythrocytic parasites Drawbacks low immunity induced for a short time ...
... Designed against erythrocytic parasites Drawbacks low immunity induced for a short time ...
Mary Louise Markert, MD, Ph.D.
... supervision to avoid infections, tumors, kidney damage and heart disease and a high rate of rejection caused by non-compliance in taking the necessary immunosuppressive drugs. To address this unmet need, Louise proposes that tolerance can be induced to unmatched donor liver by also transplanting don ...
... supervision to avoid infections, tumors, kidney damage and heart disease and a high rate of rejection caused by non-compliance in taking the necessary immunosuppressive drugs. To address this unmet need, Louise proposes that tolerance can be induced to unmatched donor liver by also transplanting don ...
CELLULAR AND HUMORAL IMMUNITY The Immune Response
... Requires constant presence of antigen to remain effective. Unlike humoral immunity, cell mediated immunity is not transferred to the fetus. Cytokines: Chemical messengers of immune cells. – Over 100 have been identified. – Stimulate and/or regulate immune responses. • Interleukins: Communication bet ...
... Requires constant presence of antigen to remain effective. Unlike humoral immunity, cell mediated immunity is not transferred to the fetus. Cytokines: Chemical messengers of immune cells. – Over 100 have been identified. – Stimulate and/or regulate immune responses. • Interleukins: Communication bet ...
Immune System: An Overview
... another. This occurs naturally when a pregnant woman passes some of her antibodies across the placenta to the fetus. Vaccinations contain dead or weakened microorganisms that can no longer cause disease, but still retain the ability to act as antigens and stimulate an immune response. A vaccinated i ...
... another. This occurs naturally when a pregnant woman passes some of her antibodies across the placenta to the fetus. Vaccinations contain dead or weakened microorganisms that can no longer cause disease, but still retain the ability to act as antigens and stimulate an immune response. A vaccinated i ...
12 inflammation
... (DAMP), so all the pathogen generated processes of inflammation corresponds to the mechanisms developed during sterile inflammation. The recognition of PAMP or DAMP signals induces rapid response, during which leukocytes, plasma proteins and fluid move into the site of inflammation. Beside macrophag ...
... (DAMP), so all the pathogen generated processes of inflammation corresponds to the mechanisms developed during sterile inflammation. The recognition of PAMP or DAMP signals induces rapid response, during which leukocytes, plasma proteins and fluid move into the site of inflammation. Beside macrophag ...
T cell receptors
... Roles of and T cells T cells – Require neither antigen processing nor presentation for antigen recognition. – Have very few variants. – May be more involved in the innate immune response than in the adaptive immune response (pattern recognition). • Recognize the microbial phospholipi ...
... Roles of and T cells T cells – Require neither antigen processing nor presentation for antigen recognition. – Have very few variants. – May be more involved in the innate immune response than in the adaptive immune response (pattern recognition). • Recognize the microbial phospholipi ...
1. The barriers of the innate immune system to infection
... cascade is also activated when antibody binds C1q (classical pathway) (Fig. 3.3.1). MBL or C1q then forms a complex with two other components, C2 and C4. The complex C2–C4 has enzymatic activity and cleaves the next molecule, C3. C3 is typical of several of the complement proteins; it is cleaved int ...
... cascade is also activated when antibody binds C1q (classical pathway) (Fig. 3.3.1). MBL or C1q then forms a complex with two other components, C2 and C4. The complex C2–C4 has enzymatic activity and cleaves the next molecule, C3. C3 is typical of several of the complement proteins; it is cleaved int ...
Document
... • Their disadvantage is that the foreign antibodies themselves elicit an immune response. • To avoid this, animal immunoglobulin can now be ‘ humanized ‘ by genetic engineering to combine the antigenbinding ( Fab ) site of a mouse monoclonal antibody with human immunoglobulin. ...
... • Their disadvantage is that the foreign antibodies themselves elicit an immune response. • To avoid this, animal immunoglobulin can now be ‘ humanized ‘ by genetic engineering to combine the antigenbinding ( Fab ) site of a mouse monoclonal antibody with human immunoglobulin. ...
Adaptive Immunity To Extracellular Bacteria
... Extracellular bacteria are capable of replicating outside host cells. They cause disease by two principal mechanisms: They induce inflammation, which results in tissue destruction at the site of infection. Many of these bacteria produce toxins: ...
... Extracellular bacteria are capable of replicating outside host cells. They cause disease by two principal mechanisms: They induce inflammation, which results in tissue destruction at the site of infection. Many of these bacteria produce toxins: ...
Central nervous system control and coordination
... germs and viruses. The immune system is our body's natural defense against these attackers. The immune system is made up of organs, s structures and white blood cells whose job it is to identify and destroy disease causing organisms such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites and even the body's own ...
... germs and viruses. The immune system is our body's natural defense against these attackers. The immune system is made up of organs, s structures and white blood cells whose job it is to identify and destroy disease causing organisms such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites and even the body's own ...
ppt
... Class I MHC molecules are found on almost every nucleated cell Class II MHC molecules are restricted to a few specialized cells, including macrophages, dendritic cells, B cells, etc. ...
... Class I MHC molecules are found on almost every nucleated cell Class II MHC molecules are restricted to a few specialized cells, including macrophages, dendritic cells, B cells, etc. ...
lecture_33_Apr-02_Evasion of immunity
... 2) Coating with host proteins. Tegument of cestode & trematode worms, is able to adsorb host components, e.g. RBC Ags, thus giving the worm the immunological appearance of host tissue. Schistosomes take up host blood proteins, e.g. blood group antigens & MHC class I & II molecules, therefore, the wo ...
... 2) Coating with host proteins. Tegument of cestode & trematode worms, is able to adsorb host components, e.g. RBC Ags, thus giving the worm the immunological appearance of host tissue. Schistosomes take up host blood proteins, e.g. blood group antigens & MHC class I & II molecules, therefore, the wo ...
• Successful parasites have evolved strategies for survival
... 2) Coating with host proteins. Tegument of cestode & trematode worms, is able to adsorb host components, e.g. RBC Ags, thus giving the worm the immunological appearance of host tissue. Schistosomes take up host blood proteins, e.g. blood group antigens & MHC class I & II molecules, therefore, the wo ...
... 2) Coating with host proteins. Tegument of cestode & trematode worms, is able to adsorb host components, e.g. RBC Ags, thus giving the worm the immunological appearance of host tissue. Schistosomes take up host blood proteins, e.g. blood group antigens & MHC class I & II molecules, therefore, the wo ...
NATIONAL CHENG KUNG UNIVERSITY MEDICAL COLLEGE
... immunity will serve as a first line of defense against these infectious agents. The cells and molecules involved in the innate immunity are as follows: 1. Phagocytes: Their function is to engulf foreign materials, internalize them and destroy them. The phagocytes include: polymorphonuclear neutrop ...
... immunity will serve as a first line of defense against these infectious agents. The cells and molecules involved in the innate immunity are as follows: 1. Phagocytes: Their function is to engulf foreign materials, internalize them and destroy them. The phagocytes include: polymorphonuclear neutrop ...
Antibodies
... bacteria and viruses. It can be produced by the fetus in certain infections. It has the highest avidity of the immunoglobulins; its interaction with antigen can involve all 10 of its binding sites. ...
... bacteria and viruses. It can be produced by the fetus in certain infections. It has the highest avidity of the immunoglobulins; its interaction with antigen can involve all 10 of its binding sites. ...
Adaptive Immunity: Specific Defenses of the Host (Chapter 17
... Communication chemicals = cytokines -chemical messengers used within immune system (proteins or glycoproteins) -many kinds, each has specific message Cells = T cells -originate from stem cells in bone marrow but mature in thymus, travel to blood & lymph -each only recognizes one antigen -when it bin ...
... Communication chemicals = cytokines -chemical messengers used within immune system (proteins or glycoproteins) -many kinds, each has specific message Cells = T cells -originate from stem cells in bone marrow but mature in thymus, travel to blood & lymph -each only recognizes one antigen -when it bin ...
Cells, organs and tissues of the immune system Innate immunity
... • mechanisms of action – non-specific, broad reactivity – occurs within hours of invasion • Phagocytic cells (neutrophils and macrophages) are involved ...
... • mechanisms of action – non-specific, broad reactivity – occurs within hours of invasion • Phagocytic cells (neutrophils and macrophages) are involved ...
Challenging the theory of Artificial Immunity
... There exist a finite number of immune system cells that are able to respond to foreign antigens. Once a specific immune cell responds to a particular antigen it becomes committed to that specific antigen and is unable to respond to any other pathogen. Vaccination results in a greater commitment of s ...
... There exist a finite number of immune system cells that are able to respond to foreign antigens. Once a specific immune cell responds to a particular antigen it becomes committed to that specific antigen and is unable to respond to any other pathogen. Vaccination results in a greater commitment of s ...
LectureGuideAdaptiveImmune(CH15) 7e
... are transported to the surface of the cell membrane in a vesicle where they are finally integrated into the cell membrane. There are two kinds of MHC receptors, Class I and Class II. Class I MHC markers are made by all body cells except red blood cells. When there receptors are made they also integr ...
... are transported to the surface of the cell membrane in a vesicle where they are finally integrated into the cell membrane. There are two kinds of MHC receptors, Class I and Class II. Class I MHC markers are made by all body cells except red blood cells. When there receptors are made they also integr ...
Presentation
... Affinity and Avidity II •IgM is produced early in an immune response when the affinity for antigen often is low; as an immune response continues, antibody affinity is improved, this is combined by “class switching” to the use of smaller molecules (IgG, IgE and IgA). The increased affinity compensat ...
... Affinity and Avidity II •IgM is produced early in an immune response when the affinity for antigen often is low; as an immune response continues, antibody affinity is improved, this is combined by “class switching” to the use of smaller molecules (IgG, IgE and IgA). The increased affinity compensat ...
Preparation of Vaccines
... produced by the pathogen is changed into a toxoid and used to elicit immune response. ...
... produced by the pathogen is changed into a toxoid and used to elicit immune response. ...
Chapter 9
... Rearrangement of α and γ chains ○ V, J, and C segments Rearrangement of β and δ chains ○ V, D, J, and C segments ...
... Rearrangement of α and γ chains ○ V, J, and C segments Rearrangement of β and δ chains ○ V, D, J, and C segments ...
Immune system
The immune system is a system of many biological structures and processes within an organism that protects against disease. To function properly, an immune system must detect a wide variety of agents, known as pathogens, from viruses to parasitic worms, and distinguish them from the organism's own healthy tissue. In many species, the immune system can be classified into subsystems, such as the innate immune system versus the adaptive immune system, or humoral immunity versus cell-mediated immunity.Pathogens can rapidly evolve and adapt, and thereby avoid detection and neutralization by the immune system; however, multiple defense mechanisms have also evolved to recognize and neutralize pathogens. Even simple unicellular organisms such as bacteria possess a rudimentary immune system, in the form of enzymes that protect against bacteriophage infections. Other basic immune mechanisms evolved in ancient eukaryotes and remain in their modern descendants, such as plants and insects. These mechanisms include phagocytosis, antimicrobial peptides called defensins, and the complement system. Jawed vertebrates, including humans, have even more sophisticated defense mechanisms, including the ability to adapt over time to recognize specific pathogens more efficiently. Adaptive (or acquired) immunity creates immunological memory after an initial response to a specific pathogen, leading to an enhanced response to subsequent encounters with that same pathogen. This process of acquired immunity is the basis of vaccination.Disorders of the immune system can result in autoimmune diseases, inflammatory diseases and cancer.Immunodeficiency occurs when the immune system is less active than normal, resulting in recurring and life-threatening infections. In humans, immunodeficiency can either be the result of a genetic disease such as severe combined immunodeficiency, acquired conditions such as HIV/AIDS, or the use of immunosuppressive medication. In contrast, autoimmunity results from a hyperactive immune system attacking normal tissues as if they were foreign organisms. Common autoimmune diseases include Hashimoto's thyroiditis, rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes mellitus type 1, and systemic lupus erythematosus. Immunology covers the study of all aspects of the immune system.