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Annelid Immunity
Annelid Immunity

... both of which participate in the formation of the antigen-binding site [46]. The kinetics of ABP formation revealed that the response reached a maximum level between the 4th and the 8th day after the first dose and approximately 4 days after the second challenge. The degree of specificity of the AB ...
and Factor H on fungal surface. Complement evasion Immune
and Factor H on fungal surface. Complement evasion Immune

... Monocytes can damage and apparently kill Aspergillus hyphae, even though hyphae are too large to be ingested completely. Monocytes and macrophages have been shown to be important cells in host defense against dimorphic fungi. When activated they have increased phagocytosis and decrease growth of int ...
投影片 1
投影片 1

... Su CC, et al. 2007 Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase/Akt activation by integrin-tumor matrix interaction suppresses Fas-mediated apoptosis in T cells. J Immunol 179:4589-4597. ...
Immunology
Immunology

... • Oxygen dependent mechanisms oxidized sugars via TCA cycle • Highly toxic oxygen by-products such as superoxide, hydrogen peroxide and hydroxyl radicals are produced • Once oxygen is depleted fermentation anaerobic metabolism starts • Metabolic pathway switches to lactic acid production lowering pH ...
antigen recognition by b-cell and t
antigen recognition by b-cell and t

IMMUNOPROPHYLAXIS: Vaccines and Immunotherapy 2014
IMMUNOPROPHYLAXIS: Vaccines and Immunotherapy 2014

Immune system as drug target - Open Access Peer Reviewed
Immune system as drug target - Open Access Peer Reviewed

... The same design principles can be applied to any physical or biological property of peptides, allowing us to tailor their pharmacokinetics and immunogenic qualities in much the same way medicinal chemists have optimized small molecules for decades. The immune system is replete with receptors, enzyme ...
Mechanisms of Autoimmunity
Mechanisms of Autoimmunity

NK cells Interferons J. Ochotná
NK cells Interferons J. Ochotná

...  The idiotypic network may play a role in regulation of ...
SARCOIDOSIS SARCOIDOSIS GLOSSARY OF TERMS ACE
SARCOIDOSIS SARCOIDOSIS GLOSSARY OF TERMS ACE

... Immune  response  —  The  reaction  of  the  immune  system  against  foreign  substances.  When  the   reaction  occurs  against  the  body’s  own  cells  or  tissues,  it  is  called  an  autoimmune  reaction.   Immune  system  —  A ...
The Cell Membrane
The Cell Membrane

... signaling T helper cells to recruit further B cells and macrophages; the nonclassical class III molecules that include a number of other proteins with a variety of other immunological functions. Structural analysis of the class I and II MHC molecules reveals them to heterodimeres with homology to im ...
Vaccines Learning Module | Vaccine Education Center
Vaccines Learning Module | Vaccine Education Center

... immune response to it. When a pathogen causes an immune response, it is known as an antigen. •Unfortunately, while the immune response is gaining strength, the person is likely to be ill as the struggle between the pathogen and the immune response is decided. • One part of the immune response create ...
Cancer development
Cancer development

Vaccines Learning Module | Vaccine Education Center
Vaccines Learning Module | Vaccine Education Center

Accessary cells: in adaptive immunity are cells aid in the response
Accessary cells: in adaptive immunity are cells aid in the response

... Autoimmune response: an adaptive immune response directed at self antigens (eg. Autoimmune hemolytic anemia-red blood cell destruction; --thrombocytopenic purpura-platelet) B cells (B lymphocyte): B-1 B cell (CD5 B cell also called) and B-2 B cell (conventional B cell called), made up in the white ...
ANTIGENS AND ANTIBODIES. STRUCTURE OF IMMUNE SYSTEM
ANTIGENS AND ANTIBODIES. STRUCTURE OF IMMUNE SYSTEM

... surface of leucocytes are known as human leukocyte antigens (HLA). The success of tissue and organ transplants depends on the donor's and recipient's human leukocyte antigens (HLA). If the HLA proteins on the donor's cells differ from those on the recipient's cells, an immune response occurs in the ...
Poster
Poster

... has leucine at this same position (HPA1a), the mother will mount an immune response against the baby’s platelets, as she sees them as foreign. Maternal B cells produce antibodies anti-HPA1a. The antibodies bind to the platelets and these antibody-coated platelets are then marked for destruction, lea ...
e. None of the above
e. None of the above

... that are neither apoptotic nor infected with virus (upper left, lower left, upper right, or lower right)? What tag might have been used to detect each of these phenotypes? ...
17_18 pathology-deficiency_short
17_18 pathology-deficiency_short

... X-SCID – The common γ-chain of interleukin receptors is mutated IL-7 receptor – Part of IL2,4,7,9, 15, 21 Receptor ...
Tumor cell
Tumor cell

... (optimal priming, adequate cytokines and growth factors contexture) ...
Cytokines
Cytokines

... The adaptive immune system is composed of highly specialized, systemic cells and processes that eliminate or prevent pathogenic challenges. It can recognize and remember specific pathogens and confer long-lasting or protective immunity to the host. It is adaptive immunity because the body's immune s ...
The Lymphatic System
The Lymphatic System

... Nonspecific response that is triggered whenever the body tissues are injured Occurs in response to physical trauma, intense heat, irritating chemicals as well as infection of viruses and ...
B Cells
B Cells

... • Neutralisation: blocking the biological activity of their target molecule e.g a toxin binding to its receptor • Opsonisation: interacting with special receptors on various cells, including macrophages, neutrophils, basophils and mast cells allowing them to "recognise" and respond to the antigen • ...
Document
Document

... Cellular macrophages, neutrophils NK cell ...
Chapter 43 Immune System - STaRT
Chapter 43 Immune System - STaRT

... Concept 43.3: Adaptive immunity defends against infection of body fluids and body cells • Acquired immunity has two branches: the humoral immune response and the cellmediated immune response • In the humoral immune response antibodies help neutralize or eliminate toxins and pathogens in the blood a ...
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Immune system



The immune system is a system of many biological structures and processes within an organism that protects against disease. To function properly, an immune system must detect a wide variety of agents, known as pathogens, from viruses to parasitic worms, and distinguish them from the organism's own healthy tissue. In many species, the immune system can be classified into subsystems, such as the innate immune system versus the adaptive immune system, or humoral immunity versus cell-mediated immunity.Pathogens can rapidly evolve and adapt, and thereby avoid detection and neutralization by the immune system; however, multiple defense mechanisms have also evolved to recognize and neutralize pathogens. Even simple unicellular organisms such as bacteria possess a rudimentary immune system, in the form of enzymes that protect against bacteriophage infections. Other basic immune mechanisms evolved in ancient eukaryotes and remain in their modern descendants, such as plants and insects. These mechanisms include phagocytosis, antimicrobial peptides called defensins, and the complement system. Jawed vertebrates, including humans, have even more sophisticated defense mechanisms, including the ability to adapt over time to recognize specific pathogens more efficiently. Adaptive (or acquired) immunity creates immunological memory after an initial response to a specific pathogen, leading to an enhanced response to subsequent encounters with that same pathogen. This process of acquired immunity is the basis of vaccination.Disorders of the immune system can result in autoimmune diseases, inflammatory diseases and cancer.Immunodeficiency occurs when the immune system is less active than normal, resulting in recurring and life-threatening infections. In humans, immunodeficiency can either be the result of a genetic disease such as severe combined immunodeficiency, acquired conditions such as HIV/AIDS, or the use of immunosuppressive medication. In contrast, autoimmunity results from a hyperactive immune system attacking normal tissues as if they were foreign organisms. Common autoimmune diseases include Hashimoto's thyroiditis, rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes mellitus type 1, and systemic lupus erythematosus. Immunology covers the study of all aspects of the immune system.
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