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Unit 10: Classification
Unit 10: Classification

... AIDS is characterized by ________________________________ HIV can stay _______________ for a long time without ________________________ _____________________ the cell. __________________ patients usually do not die from HIV, but from the ____________ _________________ they catch because their immune ...
Chapter 11: Immunological Responses to Microbes
Chapter 11: Immunological Responses to Microbes

... - dendritic cells dectect viral particles in interstitial fluid, blood or lymph, antigen presentation occurs ONLY during the initial infectivity stage or when virus is released - differentiation to Th1 required to secrete IL-2 in order for naïve CD8s to differentiate into CTLs B cells and antibody p ...
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... than injury) that interferes with _____________________ _______________________, causing ________________, ____________________, or _______________ problems ...
Yannick Morias Human African trypanosomias (HAT), also
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Tutorial Kit (Applied Biology and Biotechnology-100 L)
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... organs, it functions as a single entity. This is mainly because its principal cellular constituents, lymphocytes, are intrinsically mobile and continuously recirculate in large number between the blood and the lymph by way of the secondary lymphoid tissues… where antigens and antigen-presenting cell ...
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... we demonstrated that some patients had normal B cells but had an excessive number of activated suppressor T cells that inhibited B cell maturation and antibody synthesis. We suggested that in this subset of patients the hypogammagiobulinemia might be caused by these suppressor T cells. The basic obs ...
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... BioLegend develops and manufactures highly recognized, world-class antibodies and reagents at an outstanding value to customers for biomedical research. Our broad product portfolio includes flow cytometry, cell biology, and biofunctional molecules for research in immunology, neuroscience, cancer, ce ...
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... immunity by T cells • Each T cell has a unique receptor called a TCR that will recognize a piece of an antigen with the help of an antigen-presenting cell (APC) • An APC engulfs an antigen, breaks it down and presents it on its surface in association with a membrane protein called an MHC (called hum ...
NoB2ch08QUICKcheck-ed
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... would have killed the invading organism. This is most likely to have occurred before the person’s immune system had time to react fully to the invading organism. It is unlikely that there was sufficient time for memory cells to be produced. In the absence of memory cells, no immunity exists against ...
the development of a mouse mutant for studying the role of nkg2d in
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Micro 532 Exam 1995
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... You have been asked to consult in a clinical diagnostic laboratory. The lab is trying to determine why its new antibody assay system is not accurately detecting protective antibodies in the sera of persons recently exposed to Bonga-Bonga fever virus. This is very frustrating to the laboratory since ...
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... tumor cells. Furthermore, the retroviral transduction of XLR in parental tumor cells led to activation of Akt, resulting in upregulation of anti-apoptotic proteins and the induction of immune resistance phenotype in parental tumor cells. In addition, we found that transduction of parental tumor cell ...
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Immune Hemolytic Anemias
Immune Hemolytic Anemias

... • DAT+ for IgG and possibly complement • Eluate negative • Nonreactive for unexpected antibodies • Antibody eluted off red cells reacts with cells+drug but not cells alone • Hemolysis develops gradually • Discontinue the drug and red cell survival increases ...
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Polyclonal B cell response



Polyclonal B cell response is a natural mode of immune response exhibited by the adaptive immune system of mammals. It ensures that a single antigen is recognized and attacked through its overlapping parts, called epitopes, by multiple clones of B cell.In the course of normal immune response, parts of pathogens (e.g. bacteria) are recognized by the immune system as foreign (non-self), and eliminated or effectively neutralized to reduce their potential damage. Such a recognizable substance is called an antigen. The immune system may respond in multiple ways to an antigen; a key feature of this response is the production of antibodies by B cells (or B lymphocytes) involving an arm of the immune system known as humoral immunity. The antibodies are soluble and do not require direct cell-to-cell contact between the pathogen and the B-cell to function.Antigens can be large and complex substances, and any single antibody can only bind to a small, specific area on the antigen. Consequently, an effective immune response often involves the production of many different antibodies by many different B cells against the same antigen. Hence the term ""polyclonal"", which derives from the words poly, meaning many, and clones (""Klon""=Greek for sprout or twig); a clone is a group of cells arising from a common ""mother"" cell. The antibodies thus produced in a polyclonal response are known as polyclonal antibodies. The heterogeneous polyclonal antibodies are distinct from monoclonal antibody molecules, which are identical and react against a single epitope only, i.e., are more specific.Although the polyclonal response confers advantages on the immune system, in particular, greater probability of reacting against pathogens, it also increases chances of developing certain autoimmune diseases resulting from the reaction of the immune system against native molecules produced within the host.
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