IV-2 MHC class II-induced neo-self antigens in autoimmune diseases
... Cellular misfolded proteins are generally not transported outside the cells and thus may not be exposed to immune cells. This suggests that immune tolerance may not be induced to the cellular misfolded proteins. However, we recently found that such misfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum are ...
... Cellular misfolded proteins are generally not transported outside the cells and thus may not be exposed to immune cells. This suggests that immune tolerance may not be induced to the cellular misfolded proteins. However, we recently found that such misfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum are ...
Ding Jeak Ling 1
... oxidative stress to the host, which attempts to reduce it using superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase. ROS acts on cysteine residues of proteins resulting in the conformational modification thereby regulating the activity of protein kinases/phosphatases, eg. ASK, JNK, PI3K, PTPs, ...
... oxidative stress to the host, which attempts to reduce it using superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase. ROS acts on cysteine residues of proteins resulting in the conformational modification thereby regulating the activity of protein kinases/phosphatases, eg. ASK, JNK, PI3K, PTPs, ...
OSMOREGULATION
... Short-term fluctuations in osmotic state of environment, e.g. in intertidal zone or in estuaries where salinity can range from 10 to 34 ppt with the daily tidal cycle: ...
... Short-term fluctuations in osmotic state of environment, e.g. in intertidal zone or in estuaries where salinity can range from 10 to 34 ppt with the daily tidal cycle: ...
Topic 2 Notes
... Toxicity primarily results from cellular hypoxia caused by impedance of oxygen delivery. CO reversibly binds hemoglobin, resulting in relative anemia. Because it binds hemoglobin 230-270 times more avidly than oxygen, even small concentrations can result in significant levels of carboxyhemoglobin (H ...
... Toxicity primarily results from cellular hypoxia caused by impedance of oxygen delivery. CO reversibly binds hemoglobin, resulting in relative anemia. Because it binds hemoglobin 230-270 times more avidly than oxygen, even small concentrations can result in significant levels of carboxyhemoglobin (H ...
LC Biology Sample Paper 6 HL Solutions
... (i) Immunity is the ability of the body to resist the pathogens. (disease causing organisms) (3) General defence: acts as a defence against all pathogens e.g. skin. digestive fluids, clothing, sebaceous glands. (3) Specific immunity:Defence against a specific pathogen brought about by the production ...
... (i) Immunity is the ability of the body to resist the pathogens. (disease causing organisms) (3) General defence: acts as a defence against all pathogens e.g. skin. digestive fluids, clothing, sebaceous glands. (3) Specific immunity:Defence against a specific pathogen brought about by the production ...
The Immune System
... blood and store cells that fight bacteria. As blood travels through the spleen, used red blood cells are filtered out. The spleen also helps store white blood cells that are used for destroying harmful bacteria in the body. The spleen can be removed and have the body continue to function. However, o ...
... blood and store cells that fight bacteria. As blood travels through the spleen, used red blood cells are filtered out. The spleen also helps store white blood cells that are used for destroying harmful bacteria in the body. The spleen can be removed and have the body continue to function. However, o ...
TG20, a Transgenically-Derived Anti-CD20
... CD20 is a cell-surface glycoprotein that is highly expressed on most B-cells, tightly restricted to the B-cell lineage, and not expressed on either precursor lymphoid cells or the majority of plasma cells.These characteristics make CD20 an appealing target for mAb therapy of B-cell malignancies and ...
... CD20 is a cell-surface glycoprotein that is highly expressed on most B-cells, tightly restricted to the B-cell lineage, and not expressed on either precursor lymphoid cells or the majority of plasma cells.These characteristics make CD20 an appealing target for mAb therapy of B-cell malignancies and ...
Immunology and Alzheimer`s disease
... Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a complex, multifactorial and progressive neurodegenerative disorder. Recent studies suggest that immune system plays an important role in the neurodegenerative processes (1). Microglia and astrocytes are key brain neuroglial cells that regulate two opposite i.e. protecti ...
... Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a complex, multifactorial and progressive neurodegenerative disorder. Recent studies suggest that immune system plays an important role in the neurodegenerative processes (1). Microglia and astrocytes are key brain neuroglial cells that regulate two opposite i.e. protecti ...
T cell activation
... 2. The number of memory T cells specific for any Ag is greater than the number of naïve cells specific for the same Ag. 3. Memory cells express increased levels of anti apoptotic proteins, which may be responsible for their prolonged survival. Such as: Bcl-2 & Bcl-XL. 4. Memory cells undergo slow pr ...
... 2. The number of memory T cells specific for any Ag is greater than the number of naïve cells specific for the same Ag. 3. Memory cells express increased levels of anti apoptotic proteins, which may be responsible for their prolonged survival. Such as: Bcl-2 & Bcl-XL. 4. Memory cells undergo slow pr ...
Objectives 24 - U
... Serine proteases - used in blood clotting - uPA urokinase-like plasminogen activator proteolitically activates the plasminogen zymogen plasmin - plasminogen is a serum protein but is also present in all tissues (especially if blood vessel endothelium is interrupted) - activated plasmin is a pote ...
... Serine proteases - used in blood clotting - uPA urokinase-like plasminogen activator proteolitically activates the plasminogen zymogen plasmin - plasminogen is a serum protein but is also present in all tissues (especially if blood vessel endothelium is interrupted) - activated plasmin is a pote ...
immunology & virology bucharest
... • Viruses, bacteria, funghi, protozoa • The body is protected by structures and processes that fight infection ...
... • Viruses, bacteria, funghi, protozoa • The body is protected by structures and processes that fight infection ...
Blood Group Incompatibility
... cells will clump together ‘directly’, without the addition of anything else, as depicted in Figure 4. This is because the pentameric structure ensures that the antibody molecules are close enough to link with antigens on two red cells at once and so bond them together. Although most IgG antibodies d ...
... cells will clump together ‘directly’, without the addition of anything else, as depicted in Figure 4. This is because the pentameric structure ensures that the antibody molecules are close enough to link with antigens on two red cells at once and so bond them together. Although most IgG antibodies d ...
Supplementary Data (doc 82K)
... calculate fold-change in postvaccine samples for donors 6, 7, and 9. Serum samples from the indicated time points were tested at various dilutions for reactivity against vaccinated Id or isotype-matched irrelevant Id proteins (E, F). KLH- and Id-specific antibody responses are presented as a heat ma ...
... calculate fold-change in postvaccine samples for donors 6, 7, and 9. Serum samples from the indicated time points were tested at various dilutions for reactivity against vaccinated Id or isotype-matched irrelevant Id proteins (E, F). KLH- and Id-specific antibody responses are presented as a heat ma ...
Section VIII - BC Centre for Disease Control
... Tolerance: the immune response is able to differentiate between self and nonself so that body tissues are not destroyed ...
... Tolerance: the immune response is able to differentiate between self and nonself so that body tissues are not destroyed ...
Course Syllabus
... • Prokaryotes and Cell Division Evolution • Cell Cycle Control Systems • The Loss of Cell Cycle Control • Gene Expression and Cell Types ...
... • Prokaryotes and Cell Division Evolution • Cell Cycle Control Systems • The Loss of Cell Cycle Control • Gene Expression and Cell Types ...
Synthetic Nanovaccines
... brain against the disease and reduces toxicity to the body. Dr. Gendelman said human studies are being conducted at the University of Alabama-Birmingham and at UNMC tozhe immune deficits seen in mice also are present in humans with Parkinson’s disease. The cause of Parkinson’s disease — which affect ...
... brain against the disease and reduces toxicity to the body. Dr. Gendelman said human studies are being conducted at the University of Alabama-Birmingham and at UNMC tozhe immune deficits seen in mice also are present in humans with Parkinson’s disease. The cause of Parkinson’s disease — which affect ...
Class Notes
... the treatment of certain viral infections, such as hepatitis C. The complement system consists of roughly 30 proteins in blood plasma that circulate in an inactive state and are activated by substances on the surface of many microbes. Activation results in a cascade of biochemical reactions that lea ...
... the treatment of certain viral infections, such as hepatitis C. The complement system consists of roughly 30 proteins in blood plasma that circulate in an inactive state and are activated by substances on the surface of many microbes. Activation results in a cascade of biochemical reactions that lea ...
Polyclonal B cell response
Polyclonal B cell response is a natural mode of immune response exhibited by the adaptive immune system of mammals. It ensures that a single antigen is recognized and attacked through its overlapping parts, called epitopes, by multiple clones of B cell.In the course of normal immune response, parts of pathogens (e.g. bacteria) are recognized by the immune system as foreign (non-self), and eliminated or effectively neutralized to reduce their potential damage. Such a recognizable substance is called an antigen. The immune system may respond in multiple ways to an antigen; a key feature of this response is the production of antibodies by B cells (or B lymphocytes) involving an arm of the immune system known as humoral immunity. The antibodies are soluble and do not require direct cell-to-cell contact between the pathogen and the B-cell to function.Antigens can be large and complex substances, and any single antibody can only bind to a small, specific area on the antigen. Consequently, an effective immune response often involves the production of many different antibodies by many different B cells against the same antigen. Hence the term ""polyclonal"", which derives from the words poly, meaning many, and clones (""Klon""=Greek for sprout or twig); a clone is a group of cells arising from a common ""mother"" cell. The antibodies thus produced in a polyclonal response are known as polyclonal antibodies. The heterogeneous polyclonal antibodies are distinct from monoclonal antibody molecules, which are identical and react against a single epitope only, i.e., are more specific.Although the polyclonal response confers advantages on the immune system, in particular, greater probability of reacting against pathogens, it also increases chances of developing certain autoimmune diseases resulting from the reaction of the immune system against native molecules produced within the host.