Kirvan, et al (2003) Mimicry and Auto-antibody
... 31.1.1 and 37.2.1) that reacted strongly with glutaraldehyde-fixed, whole-cell type 5 S. pyogenes18. Monoclonal antibody reactivity was subsequently localized to GlcNAc, the immunodominant epitope of the GAS-specific carbohydrate that is a major constituent of the GAS cell wall (Fig. 1). Chorea anti ...
... 31.1.1 and 37.2.1) that reacted strongly with glutaraldehyde-fixed, whole-cell type 5 S. pyogenes18. Monoclonal antibody reactivity was subsequently localized to GlcNAc, the immunodominant epitope of the GAS-specific carbohydrate that is a major constituent of the GAS cell wall (Fig. 1). Chorea anti ...
What the shark immune system can and cannot provide for the
... encode the antigen receptors on the cell surface. The antigen receptors on any individual lymphocyte all have the same antigen-binding structure based on the unique somatic cell gene rearrangements that occurred at the antigen receptor loci (Figure 1). Vast repertoires of lymphocytes with distinct a ...
... encode the antigen receptors on the cell surface. The antigen receptors on any individual lymphocyte all have the same antigen-binding structure based on the unique somatic cell gene rearrangements that occurred at the antigen receptor loci (Figure 1). Vast repertoires of lymphocytes with distinct a ...
Bcl-2: Regulator of the Cellular Life-or
... • Adams, J. M and Cory, S. The Bcl-2 protein family: arbitrators of cell survival. Science 281,1322-1326 (1998) • Cory, S., Adams, J.M. The Bcl2 family: regulators of the life or death switch. Nature Reviews 2, 647-656 (2002) • Gross, A. McDonnell, J.M. and Korsmeyer, S.J. Bcl-2 family members and t ...
... • Adams, J. M and Cory, S. The Bcl-2 protein family: arbitrators of cell survival. Science 281,1322-1326 (1998) • Cory, S., Adams, J.M. The Bcl2 family: regulators of the life or death switch. Nature Reviews 2, 647-656 (2002) • Gross, A. McDonnell, J.M. and Korsmeyer, S.J. Bcl-2 family members and t ...
Obstacles to ideal anti-HIV antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity
... (i.e., IgG3 > IgG1 > IgG4 > IgG2) [29]. Consistent with these differing affinities, IgG1 and IgG3 Abs activate NK cells to mediate more robust ADCC [30]. In terms of anti-HIV ADCC, IgG1 Abs are the most potent inducers of ADCC [31]. It should be noted that a small number of studies have demonstrated ...
... (i.e., IgG3 > IgG1 > IgG4 > IgG2) [29]. Consistent with these differing affinities, IgG1 and IgG3 Abs activate NK cells to mediate more robust ADCC [30]. In terms of anti-HIV ADCC, IgG1 Abs are the most potent inducers of ADCC [31]. It should be noted that a small number of studies have demonstrated ...
Membrane Lipid Integrity Relies on a Threshold of ATP Production
... becomes too low to sustain the basal metabolic requirement of the tuber in spite of its ample starch reserves (Sieber and Braendle, 1991). Membrane damage could be induced by ATP deprivation, which is suggested by the correlation between the leakage of electrolytes from the cells and the release of ...
... becomes too low to sustain the basal metabolic requirement of the tuber in spite of its ample starch reserves (Sieber and Braendle, 1991). Membrane damage could be induced by ATP deprivation, which is suggested by the correlation between the leakage of electrolytes from the cells and the release of ...
Immunoexpression of Interleukin 17, Transforming Growth Factor
... and Treg cells seem to interact at the site of injury, suggesting the involvement of proinflammatory and immunoregulatory cytokines in the pathogenesis of periapical lesions. (J Endod 2013;39:990–994) ...
... and Treg cells seem to interact at the site of injury, suggesting the involvement of proinflammatory and immunoregulatory cytokines in the pathogenesis of periapical lesions. (J Endod 2013;39:990–994) ...
Monoclonal Antibody Pharmacokinetics and
... intramuscular or subcutaneous administration, nonlinear distribution, and nonlinear elimination. In addition, antibody administration often leads to an endogenous antibody response, which may alter the pharmacokinetics and efficacy of the therapeutic antibody. Antibodies have been developed for a wi ...
... intramuscular or subcutaneous administration, nonlinear distribution, and nonlinear elimination. In addition, antibody administration often leads to an endogenous antibody response, which may alter the pharmacokinetics and efficacy of the therapeutic antibody. Antibodies have been developed for a wi ...
The Immune System - Wiley-VCH
... Fig. 1.2 Immune recognition. Innate immunity. PRRs directly or indirectly recognize conserved features of infectious agents called PAMPs. PRRs are widely expressed throughout the innate immune system. Adaptive immunity. The two main types of lymphocytes, B cells and T cells, have highly discriminato ...
... Fig. 1.2 Immune recognition. Innate immunity. PRRs directly or indirectly recognize conserved features of infectious agents called PAMPs. PRRs are widely expressed throughout the innate immune system. Adaptive immunity. The two main types of lymphocytes, B cells and T cells, have highly discriminato ...
The Trojan exosome hypothesis - Gene
... biogenesis) or at endosomal patches of the cell surface (immediate exosome biogenesis). The Trojan exosome hypothesis predicts that retroviruses should also form at both endosomal membranes and at patches of the cell surface, which has been observed for most, if not all retroviruses (Supporting Text ...
... biogenesis) or at endosomal patches of the cell surface (immediate exosome biogenesis). The Trojan exosome hypothesis predicts that retroviruses should also form at both endosomal membranes and at patches of the cell surface, which has been observed for most, if not all retroviruses (Supporting Text ...
Amino Acid Sequence and Antigenicity of the Amino
... protein corresponding to the synthetic peptide sequence is sufficiently exposed during natural infection to stimulate an early immune response. Adherence inhibition tests with synthetic peptide and anti-peptide serum The possible involvement of the amino-terminal end of the 168 kDa protein in the ad ...
... protein corresponding to the synthetic peptide sequence is sufficiently exposed during natural infection to stimulate an early immune response. Adherence inhibition tests with synthetic peptide and anti-peptide serum The possible involvement of the amino-terminal end of the 168 kDa protein in the ad ...
Supplementary information
... use this pyruvate to feed the aerobic pathway for additional ATP production. This pathway is the most efficient route for meeting the long-term energy demands of the cell. If oxygen becomes scarce, the cell will temporarily increase the flux through the glycolytic pathway to make up for the decrease ...
... use this pyruvate to feed the aerobic pathway for additional ATP production. This pathway is the most efficient route for meeting the long-term energy demands of the cell. If oxygen becomes scarce, the cell will temporarily increase the flux through the glycolytic pathway to make up for the decrease ...
Primary Immunodeficiency and Autoimmunity: Lessons From Human
... Primary immunodeficiency diseases (PID) are a genetically heterogenous group of >150 disorders that affect distinct components of the innate and adaptive immune system and are often associated with autoimmune diseases. We describe PID affecting T-regulatory cells, complement and B cells or their pro ...
... Primary immunodeficiency diseases (PID) are a genetically heterogenous group of >150 disorders that affect distinct components of the innate and adaptive immune system and are often associated with autoimmune diseases. We describe PID affecting T-regulatory cells, complement and B cells or their pro ...
Detection of antibodies to common antigens of pathogenic and
... that these distinct sites are common to each species rather than being different epitopes on the same protein. The table shows that these common antigens were present in the majority of the strains examined, confirming the findings of Aoun et al. (1988a) with regard to the 70-Kda band but expanding ...
... that these distinct sites are common to each species rather than being different epitopes on the same protein. The table shows that these common antigens were present in the majority of the strains examined, confirming the findings of Aoun et al. (1988a) with regard to the 70-Kda band but expanding ...
B Cell Receptor Signaling in Human B Cells
... human B cells are not known. The purpose of this study was to analyze the function and regulation of antigen-specific BCR signaling in human B cells. The role of BCR signaling and a separate second signal was analyzed in an experimental model mimicking TI B cell responses caused by polysaccharide-en ...
... human B cells are not known. The purpose of this study was to analyze the function and regulation of antigen-specific BCR signaling in human B cells. The role of BCR signaling and a separate second signal was analyzed in an experimental model mimicking TI B cell responses caused by polysaccharide-en ...
clinical management of immuno- suppression in sportsmen
... physically debilitating medical condition that results in these men and women being totally compromised in their capacity to perform and compete athletically. Many physiological systems are affected by the process of overtraining and the OTS; but one system in particular, the immune, is highly susce ...
... physically debilitating medical condition that results in these men and women being totally compromised in their capacity to perform and compete athletically. Many physiological systems are affected by the process of overtraining and the OTS; but one system in particular, the immune, is highly susce ...
Thermal ablation of tumours: biological
... molecules and chemokines that attract immune cells. This zone contains the most inflammatory infiltrates, including neutrophils, macrophages, natural killer cells, dendritic cells (DCs), as well as CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes. Intracellular necrotic debris stimulates phagocytosis, and tumour cells a ...
... molecules and chemokines that attract immune cells. This zone contains the most inflammatory infiltrates, including neutrophils, macrophages, natural killer cells, dendritic cells (DCs), as well as CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes. Intracellular necrotic debris stimulates phagocytosis, and tumour cells a ...
HERV encoded envelope proteins – key players in autoimmunity?
... by the same superantigen (SEA) differed from organ to organ and showed similarities with the respective autoimmune diseases known for each of the investigated organs. Induction of inflammation by the superantigen did not require adjuvant-crackup of immune tolerance, which is a necessary requirement ...
... by the same superantigen (SEA) differed from organ to organ and showed similarities with the respective autoimmune diseases known for each of the investigated organs. Induction of inflammation by the superantigen did not require adjuvant-crackup of immune tolerance, which is a necessary requirement ...
Thesis of Rownok_12376001
... Amena Akhter, Md. Shahidul Islam, Md. Arifur Rahman, Mrs. Rehana and other members of the immunology Laboratory who have contributed in various ways during this work. Getting through my dissertation required more than academic support, and I have many, many people to thank for listening to and, at t ...
... Amena Akhter, Md. Shahidul Islam, Md. Arifur Rahman, Mrs. Rehana and other members of the immunology Laboratory who have contributed in various ways during this work. Getting through my dissertation required more than academic support, and I have many, many people to thank for listening to and, at t ...
Cells Inhibits NK Cell Antitumor Activity GITR Ligand Provided by
... fectively inhibited in the absence of platelets (8–10). Interestingly, concomitant depletion of platelets and NK cells reverts the antimetastatic phenotype of thrombocytopenic mice (11–16). It has thus been proposed that platelets may protect tumor cells from NK-dependent antitumor immunity during t ...
... fectively inhibited in the absence of platelets (8–10). Interestingly, concomitant depletion of platelets and NK cells reverts the antimetastatic phenotype of thrombocytopenic mice (11–16). It has thus been proposed that platelets may protect tumor cells from NK-dependent antitumor immunity during t ...
Polyclonal B cell response
Polyclonal B cell response is a natural mode of immune response exhibited by the adaptive immune system of mammals. It ensures that a single antigen is recognized and attacked through its overlapping parts, called epitopes, by multiple clones of B cell.In the course of normal immune response, parts of pathogens (e.g. bacteria) are recognized by the immune system as foreign (non-self), and eliminated or effectively neutralized to reduce their potential damage. Such a recognizable substance is called an antigen. The immune system may respond in multiple ways to an antigen; a key feature of this response is the production of antibodies by B cells (or B lymphocytes) involving an arm of the immune system known as humoral immunity. The antibodies are soluble and do not require direct cell-to-cell contact between the pathogen and the B-cell to function.Antigens can be large and complex substances, and any single antibody can only bind to a small, specific area on the antigen. Consequently, an effective immune response often involves the production of many different antibodies by many different B cells against the same antigen. Hence the term ""polyclonal"", which derives from the words poly, meaning many, and clones (""Klon""=Greek for sprout or twig); a clone is a group of cells arising from a common ""mother"" cell. The antibodies thus produced in a polyclonal response are known as polyclonal antibodies. The heterogeneous polyclonal antibodies are distinct from monoclonal antibody molecules, which are identical and react against a single epitope only, i.e., are more specific.Although the polyclonal response confers advantages on the immune system, in particular, greater probability of reacting against pathogens, it also increases chances of developing certain autoimmune diseases resulting from the reaction of the immune system against native molecules produced within the host.