Lecture PPT - Carol Eunmi LEE
... Testing for Deviaton from HardyWeinberg Expectations • A c2 goodness-of-fit test can be used to determine if a population is significantly different from the expections of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. • If we have a series of genotype counts from a population, then we can compare these counts to the ...
... Testing for Deviaton from HardyWeinberg Expectations • A c2 goodness-of-fit test can be used to determine if a population is significantly different from the expections of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. • If we have a series of genotype counts from a population, then we can compare these counts to the ...
antibodies
... fragments from a different species polyclonal antibodies are common enzyme or a chromochrome is often covalently attached to the secondary antibody signal is amplified ...
... fragments from a different species polyclonal antibodies are common enzyme or a chromochrome is often covalently attached to the secondary antibody signal is amplified ...
Characteristics and Traits
... Mendel implied that only two alleles, one dominant and one recessive, could exist for a given gene. We now know that this is an oversimpli cation. Although individual humans (and all diploid organisms) can only have two alleles for a given gene, multiple alleles may exist at the population level suc ...
... Mendel implied that only two alleles, one dominant and one recessive, could exist for a given gene. We now know that this is an oversimpli cation. Although individual humans (and all diploid organisms) can only have two alleles for a given gene, multiple alleles may exist at the population level suc ...
Immunoanalysis - Part 1 : What are antibodies?
... Labelled antibodies are employed in techniques, called immunoassays, for detecting antigens. These techniques are popular as they are cost-effective methods for quickly detecting protein analytes. For immunoassays, the production and purification of antibodies is necessary. Purification may be achie ...
... Labelled antibodies are employed in techniques, called immunoassays, for detecting antigens. These techniques are popular as they are cost-effective methods for quickly detecting protein analytes. For immunoassays, the production and purification of antibodies is necessary. Purification may be achie ...
Analyzing the antibody against H-Y antigen in hematopoietic cell
... are encoded by three pairs of α and β chains: HLA-DP (HLA-DPA1, and HLA-DPB1), HLA-DQ (HLA-DQA1, and HLA-DQB1), and HLA-DR (HLA-DRA), as well as four βchains (however only three are possible per person–HLA-DRB1, DRB3, DRB4, DRB5). Similar to MHC class I genes, the class II genes are highly polymorph ...
... are encoded by three pairs of α and β chains: HLA-DP (HLA-DPA1, and HLA-DPB1), HLA-DQ (HLA-DQA1, and HLA-DQB1), and HLA-DR (HLA-DRA), as well as four βchains (however only three are possible per person–HLA-DRB1, DRB3, DRB4, DRB5). Similar to MHC class I genes, the class II genes are highly polymorph ...
genotype AND phenotype
... Ronnie has a deep voice. Is this genotype or phenotype? Explain how you know. Brandy has one allele for being tall, and one allele for being short. Is this genotype or phenotype? Explain how you know. ...
... Ronnie has a deep voice. Is this genotype or phenotype? Explain how you know. Brandy has one allele for being tall, and one allele for being short. Is this genotype or phenotype? Explain how you know. ...
The danger model in deciphering autoimmunity
... ease with which an immunogenic presentation could be attained if danger signals are persistently released in the containing areas. The small number of cells provides scarce tolerogenic display in the normal state, whereas release of danger signals will generate an inflammatory focus, causing the eme ...
... ease with which an immunogenic presentation could be attained if danger signals are persistently released in the containing areas. The small number of cells provides scarce tolerogenic display in the normal state, whereas release of danger signals will generate an inflammatory focus, causing the eme ...
LAB 11 Natural Selection
... Although a real population is not in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, this equation is nevertheless useful for estimating the likely distribution of genotypes if the allele frequencies are known. For example, if the frequency of the B allele in your prey population is 0.6, then clearly there is a 0.6 pro ...
... Although a real population is not in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, this equation is nevertheless useful for estimating the likely distribution of genotypes if the allele frequencies are known. For example, if the frequency of the B allele in your prey population is 0.6, then clearly there is a 0.6 pro ...
LAB 1: Scientific Method/Tools of Scientific Inquiry
... Although a real population is not in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, this equation is nevertheless useful for estimating the likely distribution of genotypes if the allele frequencies are known. For example, if the frequency of the B allele in your prey population is 0.6, then clearly there is a 0.6 pro ...
... Although a real population is not in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, this equation is nevertheless useful for estimating the likely distribution of genotypes if the allele frequencies are known. For example, if the frequency of the B allele in your prey population is 0.6, then clearly there is a 0.6 pro ...
Gene conversion rapidly generates major histocompatibility complex
... populations to adapt to new and changing environments. Understanding how populations generate adaptive genetic variation following bottlenecks is therefore central to evolutionary biology. Genes of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) are ideal models for studying adaptive genetic variation du ...
... populations to adapt to new and changing environments. Understanding how populations generate adaptive genetic variation following bottlenecks is therefore central to evolutionary biology. Genes of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) are ideal models for studying adaptive genetic variation du ...
Cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6) Genotyping
... Ultra-rapid metabolizers (UM) exhibit higher than average rates of metabolism. UMs are at increased risk of therapeutic failure due to increased drug elimination and thus may require an increased dosage of medications that are inactivated by CYP2D6. Alternatively, UMs may also be at increased risk o ...
... Ultra-rapid metabolizers (UM) exhibit higher than average rates of metabolism. UMs are at increased risk of therapeutic failure due to increased drug elimination and thus may require an increased dosage of medications that are inactivated by CYP2D6. Alternatively, UMs may also be at increased risk o ...
Reproductive Immunology: Biomarkers of
... rationale for this approach is the point of contact between maternal tissues and the conceptus is trophoblast. Cells of the inner cell mass differentiate into the embryo, while extraembryonic components form an interface with maternal blood and uterine cells (1). This materno-trophoblastic interface ...
... rationale for this approach is the point of contact between maternal tissues and the conceptus is trophoblast. Cells of the inner cell mass differentiate into the embryo, while extraembryonic components form an interface with maternal blood and uterine cells (1). This materno-trophoblastic interface ...
Transplant 101 - UK HealthCare
... Quality of antigen mismatch—HLA-DR antigens only (no points for HLA-A or HLA-B matches) PRA—points are assigned if PRA level is >80% with a negative preliminary donor/patient crossmatch ...
... Quality of antigen mismatch—HLA-DR antigens only (no points for HLA-A or HLA-B matches) PRA—points are assigned if PRA level is >80% with a negative preliminary donor/patient crossmatch ...
Chapter 12 - UBC Physics
... The T cell repertoire is the set of all the V regions expressed by T cells, together with the frequency of each of the V regions. T cell V regions are enormously diverse, but the repertoire is not random; not all protein antigens are recognized by T cells with equal frequency. T cell receptors prefe ...
... The T cell repertoire is the set of all the V regions expressed by T cells, together with the frequency of each of the V regions. T cell V regions are enormously diverse, but the repertoire is not random; not all protein antigens are recognized by T cells with equal frequency. T cell receptors prefe ...
J Mol Evol (2007) 65:541–554 - digital
... Harvard University, 26 Oxford St., Cambridge, MA 02138, USA ...
... Harvard University, 26 Oxford St., Cambridge, MA 02138, USA ...
Bio 6 – Natural Selection Lab Overview
... Although a real population is not in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, this equation is nevertheless useful for estimating the likely distribution of genotypes if the allele frequencies are known. For example, if the frequency of the B allele in your prey population is 0.6, then clearly there is a 0.6 pro ...
... Although a real population is not in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, this equation is nevertheless useful for estimating the likely distribution of genotypes if the allele frequencies are known. For example, if the frequency of the B allele in your prey population is 0.6, then clearly there is a 0.6 pro ...
supplementary materials
... events. Varying the level of this selective disadvantage from 10-3 to 10-7 did not greatly affect our ...
... events. Varying the level of this selective disadvantage from 10-3 to 10-7 did not greatly affect our ...
x-linked female-sterile loci in drosophzla melanogaster
... of the locus (DIGANet al. 1986). There are also a large number of fs loci that show poor viability (i.e., diminutive, tiny, refringent, Hairy-wing), even though no lethal alleles have yet been characterized. It is possible that most of the loci with rare alleles are actually essential genes (6DISCUS ...
... of the locus (DIGANet al. 1986). There are also a large number of fs loci that show poor viability (i.e., diminutive, tiny, refringent, Hairy-wing), even though no lethal alleles have yet been characterized. It is possible that most of the loci with rare alleles are actually essential genes (6DISCUS ...
Peptide–h2-microglobulin–MHC fusion molecules bind antigen
... Dimeric constructs can be loaded with different peptides to efficiently stain antigen-specific T cells. Moreover, multimeric MHC complexes are not only used for the analysis of antigen-specific T cells by flow cytometric analysis, but also to enhance or block specific immune responses in vitro (Kamb ...
... Dimeric constructs can be loaded with different peptides to efficiently stain antigen-specific T cells. Moreover, multimeric MHC complexes are not only used for the analysis of antigen-specific T cells by flow cytometric analysis, but also to enhance or block specific immune responses in vitro (Kamb ...
neuroimmunology - Dr. Amr Hasan Neurology Clinic
... • Molecules are encoded by three principal loci (HLA-DP, -DQ and -DR), which also show polymorphism. MHC molecules have a much more limited cellular distribution. ...
... • Molecules are encoded by three principal loci (HLA-DP, -DQ and -DR), which also show polymorphism. MHC molecules have a much more limited cellular distribution. ...
by a Novel Mass Spectrometric Technique Cysteinylated Cysteine
... Mass spectrometric identification of the A1-HY epitope HLA-A*0101-associated peptides were purified from male Rp cells and fractionated by reverse phase HPLC using HFBA as the ion-pairing reagent. Epitope reconstitution was performed by adding aliquots of these fractions to the HLA-A*01011 female ta ...
... Mass spectrometric identification of the A1-HY epitope HLA-A*0101-associated peptides were purified from male Rp cells and fractionated by reverse phase HPLC using HFBA as the ion-pairing reagent. Epitope reconstitution was performed by adding aliquots of these fractions to the HLA-A*01011 female ta ...
Immunology Overview
... The concept of B-cells goes something like this: there should be lots of circulating B-cells which produce randomly generated antibodies at their surface. If their antibody finds some ligand, this cell should be clonally selected for. You just need to make sure you don’t kill yourself (autoimmunity) ...
... The concept of B-cells goes something like this: there should be lots of circulating B-cells which produce randomly generated antibodies at their surface. If their antibody finds some ligand, this cell should be clonally selected for. You just need to make sure you don’t kill yourself (autoimmunity) ...
Human leukocyte antigen
The human leukocyte antigen (HLA) system is the locus of genes that encode for proteins on the surface of cells that are responsible for regulation of the immune system in humans. This group of genes resides on chromosome 6 (exception: the gene for β2-microglobulin which is located on chromosome 15), and encodes cell-surface antigen-presenting proteins and has many other functions. The HLA genes are the human versions of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) genes that are found in most vertebrates (and thus are the most studied of the MHC genes). The proteins encoded by certain genes are also known as antigens, as a result of their historic discovery as factors in organ transplants. The major HLAs are essential elements for immune function. Different classes have different functions:HLAs corresponding to MHC class I (A, B, and C) present peptides from inside the cell. For example, if the cell is infected by a virus, the HLA system brings fragments of the virus to the surface of the cell so that the cell can be destroyed by the immune system. These peptides are produced from digested proteins that are broken down in the proteasomes. In general, these particular peptides are small polymers, about 9 amino acids in length. Foreign antigens presented by MHC class I attract killer T-cells (also called CD8 positive- or cytotoxic T-cells) that destroy cells.HLAs corresponding to MHC class II (DP, DM, DOA, DOB, DQ, and DR) present antigens from outside of the cell to T-lymphocytes. These particular antigens stimulate the multiplication of T-helper cells, which in turn stimulate antibody-producing B-cells to produce antibodies to that specific antigen. Self-antigens are suppressed by regulatory T cells.HLAs corresponding to MHC class III encode components of the complement system.HLAs have other roles. They are important in disease defense. They are the major cause of organ transplant rejections. They may protect against or fail to protect (if down-regulated by an infection) against cancers. Mutations in HLA may be linked to autoimmune disease (examples: type I diabetes, coeliac disease). HLA may also be related to people's perception of the odor of other people, and may be involved in mate selection, as at least one study found a lower-than-expected rate of HLA similarity between spouses in an isolated community.Aside from the genes encoding the 6 major antigen-presenting proteins, there are a large number of other genes, many involved in immune function, located on the HLA complex. Diversity of HLAs in the human population is one aspect of disease defense, and, as a result, the chance of two unrelated individuals with identical HLA molecules on all loci is very low. HLA genes have historically been identified as a result of the ability to successfully transplant organs between HLA-similar individuals.