Antigens and Immunogens - Abdel
... Antigen is any agent capable of binding specifically to components of immune response such as lymphocytes and antibodies. The distinguishing between terms is necessary because there are many compounds that are capable of binding with components of immune system that have been induced specifically ag ...
... Antigen is any agent capable of binding specifically to components of immune response such as lymphocytes and antibodies. The distinguishing between terms is necessary because there are many compounds that are capable of binding with components of immune system that have been induced specifically ag ...
Biology of the B Lymphocyte
... cells with mutations for high affinity for Ag are clonally selected and expanded Serve as memory cells for subsequent responses Affinity maturation increases the production of high affinity Ab in the secondary response ...
... cells with mutations for high affinity for Ag are clonally selected and expanded Serve as memory cells for subsequent responses Affinity maturation increases the production of high affinity Ab in the secondary response ...
AMIT TULI
... undergo regulated secretion and exocytosis. For example, during an injury to a cell, a rapid repair response is generated that patches the affected area by adding lysosome-derived membranes at the cell surface disruption site. Also, in certain specialized cells of our body (mainly of the immune syst ...
... undergo regulated secretion and exocytosis. For example, during an injury to a cell, a rapid repair response is generated that patches the affected area by adding lysosome-derived membranes at the cell surface disruption site. Also, in certain specialized cells of our body (mainly of the immune syst ...
L1.1.MysteryDisease
... An antigen-binding immunoglobulin, produced by B cells, that functions as the effector in an immune response A foreign macromolecule that does not belong to the host organism and elicits an immune response The collection, classification, storage, and analysis of biochemical and biological informatio ...
... An antigen-binding immunoglobulin, produced by B cells, that functions as the effector in an immune response A foreign macromolecule that does not belong to the host organism and elicits an immune response The collection, classification, storage, and analysis of biochemical and biological informatio ...
MICR 201 Microbiology for Health Related Sciences
... Once lymphocytes have encountered their specific antigen they undergo clonal expansion Some of these cells develop further into memory cells ...
... Once lymphocytes have encountered their specific antigen they undergo clonal expansion Some of these cells develop further into memory cells ...
22-03_pptlect
... • Antigen recognition • T cell membranes contain CD markers • CD3 markers present on all T cells • CD8 markers on cytotoxic and suppressor T cells • CD4 markers on helper T cells ...
... • Antigen recognition • T cell membranes contain CD markers • CD3 markers present on all T cells • CD8 markers on cytotoxic and suppressor T cells • CD4 markers on helper T cells ...
MICR 201 Microbiology for Health Related Sciences
... Once lymphocytes have encountered their specific antigen they undergo clonal expansion Some of these cells develop further into memory cells ...
... Once lymphocytes have encountered their specific antigen they undergo clonal expansion Some of these cells develop further into memory cells ...
S. mansoni
... contact human skin, they secrete digestive enzymes that help them to bore into the skin,where they shed their tails and are transformed into schistosomules. The schistosomules enter the capillaries and migrate to the lungs, then to the liver, and finally to the primary site of infection, which varie ...
... contact human skin, they secrete digestive enzymes that help them to bore into the skin,where they shed their tails and are transformed into schistosomules. The schistosomules enter the capillaries and migrate to the lungs, then to the liver, and finally to the primary site of infection, which varie ...
Cytotoxic T lymphocytes and natural killer cells
... – Killer cell Immunoglobulin-like Receptor (KIR): recognize MHC class I molecules (HLA-A, B, C). A specific allele (KIR3DS1) can recognize HIV peptide in HLABw4 and is associated with slow progression to AIDS. ...
... – Killer cell Immunoglobulin-like Receptor (KIR): recognize MHC class I molecules (HLA-A, B, C). A specific allele (KIR3DS1) can recognize HIV peptide in HLABw4 and is associated with slow progression to AIDS. ...
Cells, organs and tissues of the immune system Innate immunity
... • MØ are activated by phagocytosis of Ag • Activated MØ are more effective at eliminating pathogens because of a greater phagocytic activity – ↑ ability to kill ingested microbes – ↑ secretion of inflammatory mediators – ↑ ability to activate T cells – ↑ production of cytotoxic proteins – ↑ levels ...
... • MØ are activated by phagocytosis of Ag • Activated MØ are more effective at eliminating pathogens because of a greater phagocytic activity – ↑ ability to kill ingested microbes – ↑ secretion of inflammatory mediators – ↑ ability to activate T cells – ↑ production of cytotoxic proteins – ↑ levels ...
30.10.2009
... inhibition receptors of NK cells and contribute to the tolerance of the fetus in utero. CD1 molecules - bind glycolipid or other highly hydrophobic substances (microbial or their body), these complexes are recognized by specialized T lymphocytes. Others - like MHC gp I, but without the ability to ...
... inhibition receptors of NK cells and contribute to the tolerance of the fetus in utero. CD1 molecules - bind glycolipid or other highly hydrophobic substances (microbial or their body), these complexes are recognized by specialized T lymphocytes. Others - like MHC gp I, but without the ability to ...
Ageing, defence mechanisms and the immune system
... and differentiate into various effector cells: T helper cells, cytotoxic T cells, suppressor T cells and plasma cells. After a systemic immune response subsides, specific antibody often persists in the blood for many years and even decades. This implies that humoral effector cells (plasma cells) con ...
... and differentiate into various effector cells: T helper cells, cytotoxic T cells, suppressor T cells and plasma cells. After a systemic immune response subsides, specific antibody often persists in the blood for many years and even decades. This implies that humoral effector cells (plasma cells) con ...
Autoimmunity and autoimmune disease
... Evidence of genetic factors operating in autoimmune disease include: (i) a clear familial incidence as proven from studies of identical and non-identical twins w2x, (ii) a tendency for the disease to be linked with particular HLA specificities, and (iii) the presence of certain genes that predispose ...
... Evidence of genetic factors operating in autoimmune disease include: (i) a clear familial incidence as proven from studies of identical and non-identical twins w2x, (ii) a tendency for the disease to be linked with particular HLA specificities, and (iii) the presence of certain genes that predispose ...
Chapter 50
... • Immunity: the body’s specific protective response to invading foreign agent or organism • Immunopathology: the study of diseases that result from dysfunction of the immune system ...
... • Immunity: the body’s specific protective response to invading foreign agent or organism • Immunopathology: the study of diseases that result from dysfunction of the immune system ...
Kinds of Resistance Defense Mechanisms
... • Ex. Virus - binds to host cell • A signal is sent to the nucleus to synthesized (transcription and translation) interferon • Interferon is secreted • Binds to other host cells • Host cells produce antiviral proteins – inhibit viral multiplication or translation ...
... • Ex. Virus - binds to host cell • A signal is sent to the nucleus to synthesized (transcription and translation) interferon • Interferon is secreted • Binds to other host cells • Host cells produce antiviral proteins – inhibit viral multiplication or translation ...
White Blood Cells
... White blood cells (WBCs), or leukocytes (also spelled "leucocytes"), are cells of the immune system defending the body against both infectious disease and foreign materials. Five[1] different and diverse types of leukocytes exist, but they are all produced and derived from a multipotent cell in the ...
... White blood cells (WBCs), or leukocytes (also spelled "leucocytes"), are cells of the immune system defending the body against both infectious disease and foreign materials. Five[1] different and diverse types of leukocytes exist, but they are all produced and derived from a multipotent cell in the ...
Immunology Ch 1 1-22 [4-20
... -sites where mature lymphocytes are produced are called generative lymphoid organs, mature lymphocytes enter circulation and enter peripheral lymphoid organs, where they meet antigen -Naïve lymphocytes recognize microbial antigens and receive additional signals induced by microbes and antigen-specif ...
... -sites where mature lymphocytes are produced are called generative lymphoid organs, mature lymphocytes enter circulation and enter peripheral lymphoid organs, where they meet antigen -Naïve lymphocytes recognize microbial antigens and receive additional signals induced by microbes and antigen-specif ...
Abstract
... often caused by specific anti-self antibodies such as anti-nuclearantibodies, neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor antibodies, Ca2+ channel antibodies and paraneoplastic antibodies. Myasthenia gravis (MG) and experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis (EAMG) are antibody-mediated autoimmune dise ...
... often caused by specific anti-self antibodies such as anti-nuclearantibodies, neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor antibodies, Ca2+ channel antibodies and paraneoplastic antibodies. Myasthenia gravis (MG) and experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis (EAMG) are antibody-mediated autoimmune dise ...
Immunodeficiencies HIV/AIDS
... circulating Following infection through blood products, in general see anti-HIV Ab’s in 4-7 weeks Following infection through sexual exposure, it may take 6-14 months for detection of antiHIV Ab’s (one case - years) ...
... circulating Following infection through blood products, in general see anti-HIV Ab’s in 4-7 weeks Following infection through sexual exposure, it may take 6-14 months for detection of antiHIV Ab’s (one case - years) ...
328 Comparative evolutionary analysis of IL6 in lagomorphs F
... single individual, but successfully pass between individuals becoming a contagious cancer derived from a single neoplastic cell. Devil Facial Tumour Disease (DFTD) is one such contagious cancer that has emerged in the Tasmanian devil, a carnivorous marsupial endemic to the island of Tasmania. Despit ...
... single individual, but successfully pass between individuals becoming a contagious cancer derived from a single neoplastic cell. Devil Facial Tumour Disease (DFTD) is one such contagious cancer that has emerged in the Tasmanian devil, a carnivorous marsupial endemic to the island of Tasmania. Despit ...
Lymphatic System Notes (2 of 3)
... fight invaders; called the “directors” • IL-2 (Interleukin 2) - released by Helper T cells which stimulate cytotoxic T cells • Cytotoxic T cells - (CMI) Carry out Cell Mediated Immunity by making chemicals (below) when activated (Interferon, Lymphokines, Lymphotoxins, T memory cells ) ...
... fight invaders; called the “directors” • IL-2 (Interleukin 2) - released by Helper T cells which stimulate cytotoxic T cells • Cytotoxic T cells - (CMI) Carry out Cell Mediated Immunity by making chemicals (below) when activated (Interferon, Lymphokines, Lymphotoxins, T memory cells ) ...
Chapter 7
... The sharp dividing line that can be drawn between components of the immune system that have V (variable) region(s) and those that don't cannot be overemphasized. Specific interactions typically take place via a V region, while non-specific interactions take place via non-variable molecules. Adaptive ...
... The sharp dividing line that can be drawn between components of the immune system that have V (variable) region(s) and those that don't cannot be overemphasized. Specific interactions typically take place via a V region, while non-specific interactions take place via non-variable molecules. Adaptive ...
Immune Responses to Infectious Diseases
... However the phagocytic activity is strictly dependent on the size of the pathogens [15]. This is well demonstrated with respect to the host defense against helminths, in which phagocytosis by macrophages or neutrophils are prevented by the parasite size. This restriction demands a different strategy ...
... However the phagocytic activity is strictly dependent on the size of the pathogens [15]. This is well demonstrated with respect to the host defense against helminths, in which phagocytosis by macrophages or neutrophils are prevented by the parasite size. This restriction demands a different strategy ...
Adaptive immune system
The adaptive immune system, also known as the acquired immune or, more rarely, as the specific immune system, is a subsystem of the overall immune system that is composed of highly specialized, systemic cells and processes that eliminate or prevent pathogen growth. The adaptive immune system is one of the two main immunity strategies found in vertebrates (the other being the innate immune system). Adaptive immunity creates immunological memory after an initial response to a specific pathogen, leads to an enhanced response to subsequent encounters with that pathogen. This process of acquired immunity is the basis of vaccination. Like the innate system, the adaptive system includes both humoral immunity components and cell-mediated immunity components.Unlike the innate immune system, the adaptive immune system is highly specific to a specific pathogen. Adaptive immunity can also provide long-lasting protection: for example; someone who recovers from measles is now protected against measles for their lifetime but in other cases it does not provide lifetime protection: for example; chickenpox. The adaptive system response destroys invading pathogens and any toxic molecules they produce. Sometimes the adaptive system is unable to distinguish foreign molecules, the effects of this may be hayfever, asthma or any other allergies. Antigens are any substances that elicit the adaptive immune response. The cells that carry out the adaptive immune response are white blood cells known as lymphocytes. Two main broad classes—antibody responses and cell mediated immune response—are also carried by two different lymphocytes (B cells and T cells). In antibody responses, B cells are activated to secrete antibodies, which are proteins also known as immunoglobulins. Antibodies travel through the bloodstream and bind to the foreign antigen causing it to inactivate, which does not allow the antigen to bind to the host.In acquired immunity, pathogen-specific receptors are ""acquired"" during the lifetime of the organism (whereas in innate immunity pathogen-specific receptors are already encoded in the germline). The acquired response is called ""adaptive"" because it prepares the body's immune system for future challenges (though it can actually also be maladaptive when it results in autoimmunity).The system is highly adaptable because of somatic hypermutation (a process of accelerated somatic mutations), and V(D)J recombination (an irreversible genetic recombination of antigen receptor gene segments). This mechanism allows a small number of genes to generate a vast number of different antigen receptors, which are then uniquely expressed on each individual lymphocyte. Because the gene rearrangement leads to an irreversible change in the DNA of each cell, all progeny (offspring) of that cell inherit genes that encode the same receptor specificity, including the memory B cells and memory T cells that are the keys to long-lived specific immunity.A theoretical framework explaining the workings of the acquired immune system is provided by immune network theory. This theory, which builds on established concepts of clonal selection, is being applied in the search for an HIV vaccine.