Resistance of the body to infection Leukocytes (White Blood Cells)
... Although the skin is mainly impregnable to infectious agents, this is no longer true when the skin is broken. When infection begins in a subcutaneous tissue and local inflammation ensues, local tissue macrophages can divide in situ and form still more macrophages. Then they perform the usual function ...
... Although the skin is mainly impregnable to infectious agents, this is no longer true when the skin is broken. When infection begins in a subcutaneous tissue and local inflammation ensues, local tissue macrophages can divide in situ and form still more macrophages. Then they perform the usual function ...
Sex hormone modulation of human uterine epithelial cell immune
... discomfort to death. The female reproductive tract has evolved innate and adaptive immune mechanisms that protect from microbial infection, thereby reducing infection and disease. Central to this protection are the epithelial cells that line the female reproductive tract. In the uterus, columnar epi ...
... discomfort to death. The female reproductive tract has evolved innate and adaptive immune mechanisms that protect from microbial infection, thereby reducing infection and disease. Central to this protection are the epithelial cells that line the female reproductive tract. In the uterus, columnar epi ...
McSorley 2013 IJP - Rick Maizels` Group
... As mentioned above, many of the suppressive functions of parasite products are heat-stable, indicating they may be of carbohydrate nature. Elucidation of immunomodulatory carbohydrates from helminths has been hindered by a lack of tools for identification, manipulation and production of these molecul ...
... As mentioned above, many of the suppressive functions of parasite products are heat-stable, indicating they may be of carbohydrate nature. Elucidation of immunomodulatory carbohydrates from helminths has been hindered by a lack of tools for identification, manipulation and production of these molecul ...
HISTOLOGY
... commonly used histological stains. It is most important to be clear about their properties because the interpretation of cell function depends upon a knowledge of the reaction (pH) of organelles. Haematoxylin is a base and therefore tends to bind to acidic structures. It stains blue. The most distin ...
... commonly used histological stains. It is most important to be clear about their properties because the interpretation of cell function depends upon a knowledge of the reaction (pH) of organelles. Haematoxylin is a base and therefore tends to bind to acidic structures. It stains blue. The most distin ...
antigen-antibody reaction
... the antibody not only binds with the antigen but also the antigens are bridged by a single antibody. In some cases two antigens may be bridged by a single antibody. Such a binding is weak. But when two antigens are bridge by two antibodies, the binding will be strong. This phenomenon of giving extra ...
... the antibody not only binds with the antigen but also the antigens are bridged by a single antibody. In some cases two antigens may be bridged by a single antibody. Such a binding is weak. But when two antigens are bridge by two antibodies, the binding will be strong. This phenomenon of giving extra ...
The Role of CD2 Family Members in NK-Cell Regulation of B
... also have a total deficit of invariant NKT (iNKT) cells [68], the residual ANA production must be initiated from B cell responses that also do not require iNKT-cell involvement but may however derive help from other sources such as NK cells. Indeed, when NK cells were chronically depleted from the B ...
... also have a total deficit of invariant NKT (iNKT) cells [68], the residual ANA production must be initiated from B cell responses that also do not require iNKT-cell involvement but may however derive help from other sources such as NK cells. Indeed, when NK cells were chronically depleted from the B ...
Principles of Vaccination - Dow University of Health Sciences
... Passive immunity only lasts for weeks or months. In the case of measles, mumps and rubella it may last up to one year in infants - hence MMR given just after first birthday • Administration of antibodies (immunoglobulin) collected from actively immune humans or animals e.g. varicella zoster immunogl ...
... Passive immunity only lasts for weeks or months. In the case of measles, mumps and rubella it may last up to one year in infants - hence MMR given just after first birthday • Administration of antibodies (immunoglobulin) collected from actively immune humans or animals e.g. varicella zoster immunogl ...
The Role of CD2 Family Members in NK-Cell Regulation of B
... also have a total deficit of invariant NKT (iNKT) cells [68], the residual ANA production must be initiated from B cell responses that also do not require iNKT-cell involvement but may however derive help from other sources such as NK cells. Indeed, when NK cells were chronically depleted from the B ...
... also have a total deficit of invariant NKT (iNKT) cells [68], the residual ANA production must be initiated from B cell responses that also do not require iNKT-cell involvement but may however derive help from other sources such as NK cells. Indeed, when NK cells were chronically depleted from the B ...
doc
... cellular protection may be an important event in the carcinogenic progression of ulcerative colitis. The observed correlation between the posttreatment response in blood lymphocytes and colon mucosa suggested that blood lymphocytes may be used in future trials as a surrogate biomarker of the respons ...
... cellular protection may be an important event in the carcinogenic progression of ulcerative colitis. The observed correlation between the posttreatment response in blood lymphocytes and colon mucosa suggested that blood lymphocytes may be used in future trials as a surrogate biomarker of the respons ...
T cell vaccination: An insight into T cell regulation
... We have observed (F. J. Quintana and I. R. Cohen; in preparation) that each of the two C region variants in the rat TCR includes ergotopes that are presented in the context of MHC II by rat T cells that have been activated by specific antigen – the same clones of T cells in a resting state do not pr ...
... We have observed (F. J. Quintana and I. R. Cohen; in preparation) that each of the two C region variants in the rat TCR includes ergotopes that are presented in the context of MHC II by rat T cells that have been activated by specific antigen – the same clones of T cells in a resting state do not pr ...
BKLR1
... crucial, since all the anti-virus programs can recognize only known viruses, but they are not effective for unknown ones. This practically means that any anti-virus program cannot detect a new virus, until the program will be updated so that it can recognize it. Clearly, it would be very suitable, i ...
... crucial, since all the anti-virus programs can recognize only known viruses, but they are not effective for unknown ones. This practically means that any anti-virus program cannot detect a new virus, until the program will be updated so that it can recognize it. Clearly, it would be very suitable, i ...
Mature CD11c cells are enhanced in hypersensitivity pneumonitis +
... the lung, these cells have a high phagocytic activity and are specialised in antigen uptake. Following tissue damage or during a lung infection, dendritic cells and macrophages process antigens provoking their maturation, and present antigenic peptides to T-cells. Dendritic cells may also migrate to ...
... the lung, these cells have a high phagocytic activity and are specialised in antigen uptake. Following tissue damage or during a lung infection, dendritic cells and macrophages process antigens provoking their maturation, and present antigenic peptides to T-cells. Dendritic cells may also migrate to ...
NK Cells and Immune ``Memory`
... MCMV exhibit a gene profile that is unique and stage-specific (Fig. 1B). The gene array road maps that immunologists studying memory T cell have generated (42–44), along with the identification of specific transcription factors for T cell differentiation, homeostasis, and survival (45), are useful t ...
... MCMV exhibit a gene profile that is unique and stage-specific (Fig. 1B). The gene array road maps that immunologists studying memory T cell have generated (42–44), along with the identification of specific transcription factors for T cell differentiation, homeostasis, and survival (45), are useful t ...
I Epitopes by Fibroblasts and Dendritic Cells Differential
... Efficient induction of CD41 T cell immune responses requires that the T cells must interact with specialized APC that express MHC class II and costimulatory molecules (5). Dendritic cells, macrophages and activated B cells are the principle APC in this context. Although nearly all nucleated cells ex ...
... Efficient induction of CD41 T cell immune responses requires that the T cells must interact with specialized APC that express MHC class II and costimulatory molecules (5). Dendritic cells, macrophages and activated B cells are the principle APC in this context. Although nearly all nucleated cells ex ...
Elevated percentage of perforin positive cells in active
... cells expressing perforin in PTB patients, a majority of which are NK cells. Earlier reports show that NK cells respond to M. tuberculosis infection but play a minimal role in protection 14. In the present study, the observed increase in percentage of perforin positive cells of PTB patients may be d ...
... cells expressing perforin in PTB patients, a majority of which are NK cells. Earlier reports show that NK cells respond to M. tuberculosis infection but play a minimal role in protection 14. In the present study, the observed increase in percentage of perforin positive cells of PTB patients may be d ...
W. Drobnik, E. Orso, W. Diederich, G. Schmitz
... elevated in plasma of patients with Gaucher disease type 1, possibly as a result of massive production by storage cells - lipid-loaded macrophages (Mph), called Gaucher cells. Plasma Ch was suggested to originate from activated Mph; Ch mRNA is specifically expressed by phagocytes (Guo et al., 1995). ...
... elevated in plasma of patients with Gaucher disease type 1, possibly as a result of massive production by storage cells - lipid-loaded macrophages (Mph), called Gaucher cells. Plasma Ch was suggested to originate from activated Mph; Ch mRNA is specifically expressed by phagocytes (Guo et al., 1995). ...
Innate Immune Responses of the Dental Pulp to Caries
... up-regulation of T cell co-stimulatory molecules (CD86, CD80, CD40), which are important molecules in adaptive immunity. Because of the unique anatomic location of caries bacteria, classic phagocytic killing probably does not occur until the pulp is directly in contact with the caries front. Before ...
... up-regulation of T cell co-stimulatory molecules (CD86, CD80, CD40), which are important molecules in adaptive immunity. Because of the unique anatomic location of caries bacteria, classic phagocytic killing probably does not occur until the pulp is directly in contact with the caries front. Before ...
CD1 and lipid antigens
... Antigen presentation is the way in which cells present fragments of pathogens to T cells. The most well-known antigen-presenting proteins are the MHC molecules. T cell recognition of peptide fragments bound to MHC class I and II molecules is critical for effective adaptive immunity. During the past ...
... Antigen presentation is the way in which cells present fragments of pathogens to T cells. The most well-known antigen-presenting proteins are the MHC molecules. T cell recognition of peptide fragments bound to MHC class I and II molecules is critical for effective adaptive immunity. During the past ...
Introduction to the immune system - Center for Biological Sequence
... The B cells continue to divide and form two groups of clones. Some are long – lived MEMORY cells. Most are antibody-secreting PLASMA cells. Plasma cells have extensive endoplasmic reticulum and many ribosomes. ...
... The B cells continue to divide and form two groups of clones. Some are long – lived MEMORY cells. Most are antibody-secreting PLASMA cells. Plasma cells have extensive endoplasmic reticulum and many ribosomes. ...
Chitosan, but not bacterial siderophores, induces a partial
... Activated dendritic cells are known to synthetize many different proteins. In addition to the well known cytokine expression, which is even a test to check for dendritic cell activation with various stimuli [14], [6] [7], recent work has also shown that activated dendritic cells secrete many other p ...
... Activated dendritic cells are known to synthetize many different proteins. In addition to the well known cytokine expression, which is even a test to check for dendritic cell activation with various stimuli [14], [6] [7], recent work has also shown that activated dendritic cells secrete many other p ...
AUTOSENSITIZATION IN VITRO* BY IRUN R. COHEN, MD, AMIELA
... autoimmune diseases involving various organs such as brain (1, 2), thyroid (3-6), or kidney (7) in laboratory animals. The role of cellular immunity in most human autoilnmune diseases is less clearly defined (8), although cell-mediated reactions have been demonstrated in conditions such as ulcerativ ...
... autoimmune diseases involving various organs such as brain (1, 2), thyroid (3-6), or kidney (7) in laboratory animals. The role of cellular immunity in most human autoilnmune diseases is less clearly defined (8), although cell-mediated reactions have been demonstrated in conditions such as ulcerativ ...
Mesenchymal stem cells: harnessing cell plasticity to
... markers. On the other hand, the characterization of mesenchymal stem cells and their descendents is deficient up to this point. A variety of stem cell types such as mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), multipotential adult progenitor cells (MAPC), etc., were described (see below). The mode by which these ...
... markers. On the other hand, the characterization of mesenchymal stem cells and their descendents is deficient up to this point. A variety of stem cell types such as mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), multipotential adult progenitor cells (MAPC), etc., were described (see below). The mode by which these ...
Adaptive immune system
The adaptive immune system, also known as the acquired immune or, more rarely, as the specific immune system, is a subsystem of the overall immune system that is composed of highly specialized, systemic cells and processes that eliminate or prevent pathogen growth. The adaptive immune system is one of the two main immunity strategies found in vertebrates (the other being the innate immune system). Adaptive immunity creates immunological memory after an initial response to a specific pathogen, leads to an enhanced response to subsequent encounters with that pathogen. This process of acquired immunity is the basis of vaccination. Like the innate system, the adaptive system includes both humoral immunity components and cell-mediated immunity components.Unlike the innate immune system, the adaptive immune system is highly specific to a specific pathogen. Adaptive immunity can also provide long-lasting protection: for example; someone who recovers from measles is now protected against measles for their lifetime but in other cases it does not provide lifetime protection: for example; chickenpox. The adaptive system response destroys invading pathogens and any toxic molecules they produce. Sometimes the adaptive system is unable to distinguish foreign molecules, the effects of this may be hayfever, asthma or any other allergies. Antigens are any substances that elicit the adaptive immune response. The cells that carry out the adaptive immune response are white blood cells known as lymphocytes. Two main broad classes—antibody responses and cell mediated immune response—are also carried by two different lymphocytes (B cells and T cells). In antibody responses, B cells are activated to secrete antibodies, which are proteins also known as immunoglobulins. Antibodies travel through the bloodstream and bind to the foreign antigen causing it to inactivate, which does not allow the antigen to bind to the host.In acquired immunity, pathogen-specific receptors are ""acquired"" during the lifetime of the organism (whereas in innate immunity pathogen-specific receptors are already encoded in the germline). The acquired response is called ""adaptive"" because it prepares the body's immune system for future challenges (though it can actually also be maladaptive when it results in autoimmunity).The system is highly adaptable because of somatic hypermutation (a process of accelerated somatic mutations), and V(D)J recombination (an irreversible genetic recombination of antigen receptor gene segments). This mechanism allows a small number of genes to generate a vast number of different antigen receptors, which are then uniquely expressed on each individual lymphocyte. Because the gene rearrangement leads to an irreversible change in the DNA of each cell, all progeny (offspring) of that cell inherit genes that encode the same receptor specificity, including the memory B cells and memory T cells that are the keys to long-lived specific immunity.A theoretical framework explaining the workings of the acquired immune system is provided by immune network theory. This theory, which builds on established concepts of clonal selection, is being applied in the search for an HIV vaccine.