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THE INSTRUMENTALISM-REALISM DEBATE: A CASE FOR A
THE INSTRUMENTALISM-REALISM DEBATE: A CASE FOR A

... are determined not merely by some "principle of charity", but byre-orderings of some significance. In this 1lCD$C, one may argue that Mendel's "gene" and the "gene" of contemporary biology do not refer to the same entities. However, one is still,quite free to claim that some terms of old theories ha ...
$doc.title

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Free energy and surface tension of arbitrarily large
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... ~Ar,Kr,Xe! and molecules ~CO,CH4! have shown special stability at magic numbers 13, 55, 147, and 309 corresponding to Mackay icosahedral structures.1 Extensive progress has been made in determining the minimum potential energy configuration of such clusters2 and it has been shown3 that Mackay cluste ...
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Structures and vibrational spectra of indole carboxylic acids. Part I

... calculations at the HF, MP2 and DFT(B3LYP) levels of theory. Conformer II is slightly higher in energy, by about 1.1 –1.4 kcal mol21. In this isomer, the COOH group has rotated (by 1808), in comparison to I. Remaining conformers, III and IV are higher in energy, by about 5 kcal mol21. Subsequent cal ...
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... The train, bus, and car all have different masses and speeds, but their ___________ are the _______ in _________. The difficulty in bringing each vehicle to rest--in terms of a combination of the force and time required--would be the _______, since they each have the same momentum. ...
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QA1

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... particle can be formulated in either equivalent form, or in either ‘‘representation.’’ If the form C(x, t) is used, it is said to be in the ‘‘Schrödinger representation,’’ in honor of one of the founders of quantum mechanics. If the form C(px, t) is used, it is in the ‘‘momentum representation.’’ T ...
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Atomic theory



In chemistry and physics, atomic theory is a scientific theory of the nature of matter, which states that matter is composed of discrete units called atoms. It began as a philosophical concept in ancient Greece and entered the scientific mainstream in the early 19th century when discoveries in the field of chemistry showed that matter did indeed behave as if it were made up of atoms.The word atom comes from the Ancient Greek adjective atomos, meaning ""uncuttable"". 19th century chemists began using the term in connection with the growing number of irreducible chemical elements. While seemingly apropos, around the turn of the 20th century, through various experiments with electromagnetism and radioactivity, physicists discovered that the so-called ""uncuttable atom"" was actually a conglomerate of various subatomic particles (chiefly, electrons, protons and neutrons) which can exist separately from each other. In fact, in certain extreme environments, such as neutron stars, extreme temperature and pressure prevents atoms from existing at all. Since atoms were found to be divisible, physicists later invented the term ""elementary particles"" to describe the ""uncuttable"", though not indestructible, parts of an atom. The field of science which studies subatomic particles is particle physics, and it is in this field that physicists hope to discover the true fundamental nature of matter.
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