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introduction - RUJA - Universidad de Jaén
introduction - RUJA - Universidad de Jaén

... wetland pollution. European policy efforts are being made to achieve good chemical and ecological quality of all European water bodies. In order to prevent ecological impairment, one of the tools is the Ecological Risk Assessment (ERA) of chemical. The ERA evaluates the effect of toxicant exposures ...
A Review of the Toxicity and Environmental Behaviour of Bromine in
A Review of the Toxicity and Environmental Behaviour of Bromine in

... after exposure. The injury may occur at various levels of the respiratory tract depending on the concentration and duration of exposure. Target organs associated with bromine exposure include the upper and lower respiratory tract, skin, and eyes. Toxicological reviews for bromine, which include the ...
Pesticide effects on freshwater zooplankton: an ecological perspective
Pesticide effects on freshwater zooplankton: an ecological perspective

... In the present paper I review the results of pesticide toxicity tests conducted with zooplankton at di€erent levels of organization, ranging from individuals to communities, and discuss the e€ects of chemicals from an ecological perspective. 2. Individual-level responses In order to evaluate pestici ...
Biology
Biology

... -Relate current biological study to major discoveries that have contributed to the understanding of living things. -Use current research findings in evaluating significant issues related to biology. -Recommended periodical reading list: Scientific American Discover Science News UIL Biology, Page 1 o ...
Comité Européen des Agents de Surface
Comité Européen des Agents de Surface

... aware of the dispersion of measured data about an actual mean. In order to decide the relative significance of data for classification purposes it may be appropriate to use a "weight of evidence" approach which takes account of aspects such as conformity of the study with the test protocol and wheth ...
Pyrethroid Insecticides: Use, Environmental Fate, and
Pyrethroid Insecticides: Use, Environmental Fate, and

... Also in contrast to OP insecticides, pyrethroids exhibit low toxicity to mammals and birds, while also demonstrating strong selectivity for insects and invertebrates (Ecobichon, 1996; Fishel, 2005). Chronic animal feeding studies have produced high no-effect levels, indicating both a low potential t ...
Eawag News 70: Do transformation products pose environmental
Eawag News 70: Do transformation products pose environmental

Ecological Risk Assessment
Ecological Risk Assessment

... most sensitive organism LC50 or EC50 ...
Biological invasions: a field synopsis, systematic review, and
Biological invasions: a field synopsis, systematic review, and

... search several databases. Because of the large scope of our review, we were not able to do so. As an alternative, we used the search engine SCOPUS to analyze a more limited sample of papers, to determine the extent to which the results would vary with the search engine and to gauge the inclusiveness ...
The role of animal behaviour in the study of endocrine
The role of animal behaviour in the study of endocrine

... Animals are exposed to EDCs in the air, water and in their food. EDCs enter animals’ bodies through the skin, gills, and even via the mother in utero or in ovo. One of the most insidious characteristics of EDCs is that, because they are lipid-soluble, they tend to accumulate in animal body tissues. ...
Exploring available options in characterising the health impact of
Exploring available options in characterising the health impact of

... costs – though their interpretation is difficult. A notable example of a first level epidemiological approach is the one of SENTIERI implemented in Italy. The SENTIERI approach was developed to describe the health profile of populations living in national priority CS [6] by an a priori selection of ...
Ecotoxicology: An Opportunity for the Experimental
Ecotoxicology: An Opportunity for the Experimental

... dose-response curves at the single species level of biological organization and relatively few studies dealing with properties at higher levels of biological organization such as natural communities and ecosystems. Detractors of the attempts to incorporate ecological principles into the field of env ...
Ecological impact of ionising radiation, an endpoint issue?
Ecological impact of ionising radiation, an endpoint issue?

... Today’s concept: « reference organisms » or RAPs  Typical, accessible, documented, various sizes and life cycles, measurable dose-effect  Generic virtual entities to serve as points of comparison to assess exposure and effects  Devices to relate exposure to dose & dose to effect for some types of ...
here [7] - University of Kent
here [7] - University of Kent

... Using a detailed questionnaire, this risk assessment scheme for potentially invasive species allows experts to share their knowledge regarding a specific species at a defined spatial extent, as well as indicating their level of certainty in regards to their answers. The questionnaire comprises a ser ...
No Slide Title
No Slide Title

... • Long term care facilities could generate one-third of unused medicines. ...
KEYCh14HWList
KEYCh14HWList

... occur though contamination of water flowing through older pipes with lead solder, or by ingestion of paint containing lead. Both of these uses have been largely discontinued, and in older homes, can be abated. Asbestos was a commonly used insulating material, and can be inhaled if the material is di ...
Chapter 14
Chapter 14

... neurotoxins, which affect the nervous system; and endocrine disruptors, which interfere with the hormone system. 6. Toxicants may move with water in the environment, or be carried in the atmosphere. They tend to be found near sites of their production or release, where they are soluble, and wherever ...
PDF
PDF

... groups of substances in aquatic ecosystems due to universal use, their chemicophysical properties and unknown mode of action in aquatic organisms at low concentrations. After administration many drugs and their transformation products are retained only to some extent in wastewater treatment plants. ...
Lecture 6 Toxicity Test Methods
Lecture 6 Toxicity Test Methods

... • Daphnia 45-h Acute Toxicity Test – Most widely used test for evaluating toxicity of water – Three primary species • Daphnia magna – general testing • Ceriodaphnia dubia – chronic testing over ...
Yamamoto - Whole Effluent Toxicity Testing for Management of
Yamamoto - Whole Effluent Toxicity Testing for Management of

... The number of chemicals registered in Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS) is now nearly 100 million and is still increasing rapidly1). Some of these chemicals are used in human activities and eventually released into the environment. However, the number of items in water quality criteria and discharge ...
Alternative assessments (pp. 81-83)
Alternative assessments (pp. 81-83)

... intelligent (IQ) tests (WISC IV) may include projective tests – psychological test - inner feelings, e.g. InKblot test (what you see) academic achievement test (by teachers), used as screening test in special education diagnostic tests – suggest areas of remediation, pre-test for a unit ...
bioassay methods in marine chemical ecology
bioassay methods in marine chemical ecology

... Microzooplankton grazing and the production of biogenic ...
Biology and Your Future
Biology and Your Future

... through a wetland and collecting frogs for a school project. The students stopped to look at the frogs, and what they saw shocked them. Many of the frogs had deformities, including missing legs, extra legs, and missing eyes. What caused the deformities? Scientists investigated that question by testi ...
Title Francesca Tencalla and Bernard Marantelli, Monsanto
Title Francesca Tencalla and Bernard Marantelli, Monsanto

... allows to conclude the assessment or indicates that further data are necessary and, if so, which options for refinement may be considered. A schematic presentation of the tiered approach for NTO is given in Figure 1. ...
PEC/PNEC approach - Deltares Public Wiki
PEC/PNEC approach - Deltares Public Wiki

... These two assumptions have important consequences. By establishing which species is the most sensitive to the toxic effects of a chemical in the laboratory, extrapolation can subsequently be based on the data from that species. Furthermore, the functioning of any ecosystem in which that species exis ...
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Evidence-based toxicology

The emerging discipline of evidence-based toxicology (EBT) is a process for transparently, consistently, and objectively assessing available scientific evidence in order to answer questions in toxicology, the study of the adverse effects of chemical, physical, or biological agents on living organisms and the environment, including the prevention and amelioration of such adverse effects. EBT has the potential to address concerns in the toxicological community about the limitations of current approaches to assessing the state of the science. These include concerns related to transparency in decision making, synthesis of different types of evidence, and the assessment of bias and credibility.The evidence-based methods and approaches now being introduced to toxicology are widely used in medicine, which is the basis for their nomenclature. The need to improve the performance assessment of toxicological test methods was the main impetus for translating these tools to toxicology. The U.S. National Research Council (NRC) concurs that new means of assessment are needed to keep pace with recent advances in the development of toxicological test methods. These new test methods capitalize on the recent advances in biochemistry and molecular biology that have enhanced scientists' understanding of the nature and mechanisms underlying how chemicals cause adverse effects, and the tests have the potential to be much quicker and less expensive than the tests traditionally used to evaluate toxicity.EBT can be applied to literature reviews of chemical effects, as well as test method performance. Historically, authors of reviews assessing the results of toxicological studies have searched, selected, and weighed the scientific evidence in a non-systematic and non-transparent way. Due to their narrative nature, these reviews tend to be subjective, are potentially biased and cannot be reproduced. Two examples highlighting these deficiencies are the cancer risk assessment of two persistent, organic pollutants, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and trichloroethylene. Narrative reviews of PCBs published within a year of each other came to different conclusions about the cancer risk posed by these chemicals. Similarly, 27 different risk assessments of trichloroethylene have come to substantially different conclusions.A key tool used in evidence-based medicine that holds promise for EBT is the systematic review, which is a highly structured approach to reviewing and synthesizing the scientific literature while limiting bias. The steps to carrying out a systematic review include framing the question to be addressed; appraising and deciding how relevant studies will be identified and retrieved; determining if any studies need to be excluded from the analysis; and deciding how the included studies will be appraised in terms of their quality and risk of bias. Ultimately the data will be synthesized across studies, often by a meta-analysis. Typically, a protocol of how the review will be conducted is prepared ahead of time and is often peer reviewed.Scientists have made progress in their efforts to apply systematic reviews to evaluate the evidence for associations between environmental toxicants and human health risks. To date, researchers have shown that important elements of the systematic review methodology established in evidence-based medicine can be adopted into EBT with little change, and a limited number of such studies have been attempted. For example, an EBT-style systematic review responds to concerns in the pharmaceutical industry regarding why drug candidates recommended by animal studies have unexpectedly failed by identifying instruments that may ameliorate the problem. Researchers using systematic reviews to address toxicological concerns include a group of scientists from government, industry, and academia in North America and European Union (EU) who have joined forces to promote evidence-based approaches to toxicology through the nonprofit Evidence-based Toxicology Collaboration (EBTC). The EBT is applying systematic reviews to toxicological methods. This is just one of the avenues that the EBTC's members are researching to help toxicologists improve health protection and safety assurance.
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