Space, Ritual, Event: Constantine`s Jubilee of 326 and its
... Constantine's defeat of his political rival and fellow emperor Maxentius at the Battle of the Milvian Bridge, on October 28, 312, and accession to sole emperor of the western half of the Roman Empire is now considered a watershed moment in Roman and in Western history. Looking at Constantine's triu ...
... Constantine's defeat of his political rival and fellow emperor Maxentius at the Battle of the Milvian Bridge, on October 28, 312, and accession to sole emperor of the western half of the Roman Empire is now considered a watershed moment in Roman and in Western history. Looking at Constantine's triu ...
A Chronology of the Roman Empire
... written calendars. On these they noted not just the days and months of the year but also – crucial for the survival of a subsistence farming community – the run of annual religious festivals that marked the progress of the agricultural year and, more broadly, which dates were propitious (fasti) for ...
... written calendars. On these they noted not just the days and months of the year but also – crucial for the survival of a subsistence farming community – the run of annual religious festivals that marked the progress of the agricultural year and, more broadly, which dates were propitious (fasti) for ...
467 Appendix 3A, VI, Attachment 5, Detail A MITHRIDATES and
... Pompey a command over all Asia equal to that of the governors and valid until the conclusion of the war...(without time limit).” A battle between Mithridates VII and Pompey near the Euphrates “resulted in a universal overthrow.” Mithridates fled to son-in-law, Tigranes, king of Armenia, who priorly ...
... Pompey a command over all Asia equal to that of the governors and valid until the conclusion of the war...(without time limit).” A battle between Mithridates VII and Pompey near the Euphrates “resulted in a universal overthrow.” Mithridates fled to son-in-law, Tigranes, king of Armenia, who priorly ...
The Pen and the Sword: Writing and Conquest in Caesar`s Gaul
... since ensuing campaigns would stem from it, Caesar claims to have found a record indicating that some 368,000 migrants had started the move (BG 1.29). After a brief campaign, he also claims, he sent back only 110,000 (1.29). Caesar’s own force, at the beginning of the war, was only about 20,000 legi ...
... since ensuing campaigns would stem from it, Caesar claims to have found a record indicating that some 368,000 migrants had started the move (BG 1.29). After a brief campaign, he also claims, he sent back only 110,000 (1.29). Caesar’s own force, at the beginning of the war, was only about 20,000 legi ...
75 AD THE COMPARISON OF FABIUS WITH PERICLES Plutarch
... COMPARISON OF FABIUS WITH PERICLES WE have here had two lives rich in examples, both of civil and military excellence. Let us first compare the two men in their warlike capacity. Pericles presided in his commonwealth when it was in its most flourishing and opulent condition, great and growing in po ...
... COMPARISON OF FABIUS WITH PERICLES WE have here had two lives rich in examples, both of civil and military excellence. Let us first compare the two men in their warlike capacity. Pericles presided in his commonwealth when it was in its most flourishing and opulent condition, great and growing in po ...
THE LOGISTICS OF THE ROMAN ARMY AT WAR (264 B.C.
... Auxiliary Units ....................................................................... 335 Bibliography ................................................................................ 341 Indices .......................................................................................... 353 ...
... Auxiliary Units ....................................................................... 335 Bibliography ................................................................................ 341 Indices .......................................................................................... 353 ...
File - ROME:fall of the Republic
... place of pre-eminence in the state which he had not been able to reach single-handed – Velleius Paterculus, Roman History, 2.44.1-2. ...
... place of pre-eminence in the state which he had not been able to reach single-handed – Velleius Paterculus, Roman History, 2.44.1-2. ...
Was Caesar a man of the people or a power
... his bravery, he was awarded the “citizen’s crown.” This was a wreath of oak leaves that he was allowed to wear on public occasions for the rest of his life. It was a high honor. When he wore it, people would have to rise to their feet and salute him. 77 BC- After Sulla’s death, Caesar returned to Ro ...
... his bravery, he was awarded the “citizen’s crown.” This was a wreath of oak leaves that he was allowed to wear on public occasions for the rest of his life. It was a high honor. When he wore it, people would have to rise to their feet and salute him. 77 BC- After Sulla’s death, Caesar returned to Ro ...
Why did they do that? Takes on the PUNIC WARS by David E Woody
... The Romans, meanwhile, had some problems of their own. One of these I call the Leadership Factor. Whereas Hannibal will be the leader of Carthaginian forces for the entirety of this conflict, the Romans would have many different leaders, of varying ability levels. Another Roman problem, was the Spec ...
... The Romans, meanwhile, had some problems of their own. One of these I call the Leadership Factor. Whereas Hannibal will be the leader of Carthaginian forces for the entirety of this conflict, the Romans would have many different leaders, of varying ability levels. Another Roman problem, was the Spec ...
The Christianization of the Roman Empire Under Constantine
... But the sources which record the emperor’s conversion stories, Lactantius and Eusebius, being Christians, most likely interpreted his conversion in a Christian light. Constantine, too, may have retroactively altered his conversion experience to make it more Christian, as Eusebius records that “the v ...
... But the sources which record the emperor’s conversion stories, Lactantius and Eusebius, being Christians, most likely interpreted his conversion in a Christian light. Constantine, too, may have retroactively altered his conversion experience to make it more Christian, as Eusebius records that “the v ...
Blueprint for Legal Practice: Establishing Cicero`s Ideal Style
... carrying on his duties as an advocate of the Roman people as both prosecutor and defender.8 Heaping up honors for himself through every level of the cursus honorum, Cicero was elected to the consulship in 63 B.C. where he continued to be an advocate of the Roman people, and the best justice possible ...
... carrying on his duties as an advocate of the Roman people as both prosecutor and defender.8 Heaping up honors for himself through every level of the cursus honorum, Cicero was elected to the consulship in 63 B.C. where he continued to be an advocate of the Roman people, and the best justice possible ...
PDF-1 - RUcore - Rutgers University
... senatorial order.” In the end, of course, the Republic fell because as a system of government, it could not be separated from the individuals who wielded the most power within it. 13 Yet the crisis as often discussed, was not a threat to the existence of the Republic itself, but the threat to the en ...
... senatorial order.” In the end, of course, the Republic fell because as a system of government, it could not be separated from the individuals who wielded the most power within it. 13 Yet the crisis as often discussed, was not a threat to the existence of the Republic itself, but the threat to the en ...
Online Library of Liberty
... national troops, attended the royal camp in regular succession; but, when Attila collected his military force, he was able to bring into the field an army of five, or according to another account of seven, hundred thousand Barbarians.15 The ambassadors of the Huns might awaken the attention of Theod ...
... national troops, attended the royal camp in regular succession; but, when Attila collected his military force, he was able to bring into the field an army of five, or according to another account of seven, hundred thousand Barbarians.15 The ambassadors of the Huns might awaken the attention of Theod ...
Why did they do that? Takes on the PUNIC WARS by David E …
... XXX -You have changed History! It is generally considered bad policy in this era to use rivers at your back, since retreating would be slow work that could cost you many of your troops. It cuts down on your mobility. Had Hannibal chosen to stand here, he'd probably have had his army (and himself) s ...
... XXX -You have changed History! It is generally considered bad policy in this era to use rivers at your back, since retreating would be slow work that could cost you many of your troops. It cuts down on your mobility. Had Hannibal chosen to stand here, he'd probably have had his army (and himself) s ...
Rome Gladiators Gladiator Descriptions
... The gladiators who used the gladius sword were those who were armed with body-shields such as the secutor, myrmillo, hoplomachus and the dimacheris. Body Armor and helmet worn by this type of gladiator: Protected by a Galea visored helmet with a massive crest ridge. He wore an Ocrea, or metal greave ...
... The gladiators who used the gladius sword were those who were armed with body-shields such as the secutor, myrmillo, hoplomachus and the dimacheris. Body Armor and helmet worn by this type of gladiator: Protected by a Galea visored helmet with a massive crest ridge. He wore an Ocrea, or metal greave ...
Metellus and the Head ofSertorius
... Lepidani was formally revoked in 70 (?) by the lex Plotia de reditu Lepidanorum 8, No proscriptus is known ever to have received a pardon. The Sullan proscriptions lost their legal force only in 49, with Caesar’s restoration of the sons of the proscribed to their property and civic rights ‘~. If Met ...
... Lepidani was formally revoked in 70 (?) by the lex Plotia de reditu Lepidanorum 8, No proscriptus is known ever to have received a pardon. The Sullan proscriptions lost their legal force only in 49, with Caesar’s restoration of the sons of the proscribed to their property and civic rights ‘~. If Met ...
sample
... for his own. He then held illegal commands in Sicily and in Africa against Marian remnants. For this grisly affair he was to add the word 'Magnus' to his name and, though not even a senator, to be granted the supreme honour of a triumph, the ultimate accolade for a general deemed to have won a signi ...
... for his own. He then held illegal commands in Sicily and in Africa against Marian remnants. For this grisly affair he was to add the word 'Magnus' to his name and, though not even a senator, to be granted the supreme honour of a triumph, the ultimate accolade for a general deemed to have won a signi ...
BIOGRAPHY - Benchmark Writer`s Workshop
... Today, Italy, Greece, and Egypt are independent countries. But a few thousand years ago, the governments and people of each place were interconnected. Italy as we know it today didn’t exist. Instead, it was the center of the powerful ancient Roman Republic. The Republic expanded and spread as its ar ...
... Today, Italy, Greece, and Egypt are independent countries. But a few thousand years ago, the governments and people of each place were interconnected. Italy as we know it today didn’t exist. Instead, it was the center of the powerful ancient Roman Republic. The Republic expanded and spread as its ar ...
History of Roman Literature from its Earliest
... One would not suppose that agricultural care was very consistent, at least in a small state, with frequent warfare. But in no period of their republic did the Romans neglect the advantages which the land they inhabited presented for husbandry. Romulus, who had received a rustic education, and had sp ...
... One would not suppose that agricultural care was very consistent, at least in a small state, with frequent warfare. But in no period of their republic did the Romans neglect the advantages which the land they inhabited presented for husbandry. Romulus, who had received a rustic education, and had sp ...
The Politics of Art: The View of Actium in the Aeneid
... The love affair that Dido and Aeneas have is akin to that between Cleopatra and Antony (parry 65-66). If this was a work meant to ideal ize Augustus in the person of Aeneas, then Virgil would not have included a view of Aeneas as Augustus's worst enemy. We simply can not accept the argument of suc ...
... The love affair that Dido and Aeneas have is akin to that between Cleopatra and Antony (parry 65-66). If this was a work meant to ideal ize Augustus in the person of Aeneas, then Virgil would not have included a view of Aeneas as Augustus's worst enemy. We simply can not accept the argument of suc ...
i THE GOLDEN AGE OF ROME: AUGUSTUS` PROGRAM TO
... a clear program to make the Roman Empire the most powerful and most secure state that it could be, and that he was not just working for personal ambition. I have narrowed down the concept of the Golden Age, as portrayed by the poets, to three primary qualities: peace and security, the flourishing of ...
... a clear program to make the Roman Empire the most powerful and most secure state that it could be, and that he was not just working for personal ambition. I have narrowed down the concept of the Golden Age, as portrayed by the poets, to three primary qualities: peace and security, the flourishing of ...
Culture of ancient Rome
""Roman society"" redirects here. For the learned society, see: Society for the Promotion of Roman StudiesThe culture of ancient Rome existed throughout the almost 1200-year history of the civilization of Ancient Rome. The term refers to the culture of the Roman Republic, later the Roman Empire, which at its peak covered an area from Lowland Scotland and Morocco to the Euphrates.Life in ancient Rome revolved around the city of Rome, its famed seven hills, and its monumental architecture such as the Flavian Amphitheatre (now called the Colosseum), the Forum of Trajan, and the Pantheon. The city also had several theaters, gymnasia, and many taverns, baths, and brothels. Throughout the territory under ancient Rome's control, residential architecture ranged from very modest houses to country villas, and in the capital city of Rome, there were imperial residences on the elegant Palatine Hill, from which the word palace is derived. The vast majority of the population lived in the city center, packed into insulae (apartment blocks).The city of Rome was the largest megalopolis of that time, with a population that may well have exceeded one million people, with a high end estimate of 3.6 million and a low end estimate of 450,000. Historical estimates indicate that around 30% of the population under the city's jurisdiction lived in innumerable urban centers, with population of at least 10,000 and several military settlements, a very high rate of urbanization by pre-industrial standards. The most urbanized part of the Empire was Italy, which had an estimated rate of urbanization of 32%, the same rate of urbanization of England in 1800. Most Roman towns and cities had a forum, temples and the same type of buildings, on a smaller scale, as found in Rome. The large urban population required an endless supply of food which was a complex logistical task, including acquiring, transporting, storing and distribution of food for Rome and other urban centers. Italian farms supplied vegetables and fruits, but fish and meat were luxuries. Aqueducts were built to bring water to urban centers and wine and oil were imported from Hispania, Gaul and Africa.There was a very large amount of commerce between the provinces of the Roman Empire, since its transportation technology was very efficient. The average costs of transport and the technology were comparable with 18th-century Europe. The later city of Rome did not fill the space within its ancient Aurelian walls until after 1870.Eighty percent of the population under the jurisdiction of ancient Rome lived in the countryside in settlements with less than 10 thousand inhabitants. Landlords generally resided in cities and their estates were left in the care of farm managers. The plight of rural slaves was generally worse than their counterparts working in urban aristocratic households. To stimulate a higher labor productivity most landlords freed a large number of slaves and many received wages. Some records indicate that ""as many as 42 people lived in one small farm hut in Egypt, while six families owned a single olive tree."" Such a rural environment continued to induce migration of population to urban centers until the early 2nd century when the urban population stopped growing and started to decline.Starting in the middle of the 2nd century BC, private Greek culture was increasingly in ascendancy, in spite of tirades against the ""softening"" effects of Hellenized culture from the conservative moralists. By the time of Augustus, cultured Greek household slaves taught the Roman young (sometimes even the girls); chefs, decorators, secretaries, doctors, and hairdressers all came from the Greek East. Greek sculptures adorned Hellenistic landscape gardening on the Palatine or in the villas, or were imitated in Roman sculpture yards by Greek slaves. The Roman cuisine preserved in the cookery books ascribed to Apicius is essentially Greek. Roman writers disdained Latin for a cultured Greek style. Only in law and governance was the Italic nature of Rome's accretive culture supreme.Against this human background, both the urban and rural setting, one of history's most influential civilizations took shape, leaving behind a cultural legacy that survives in part today.