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Transmission Lines
Transmission Lines

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... Miniaturization and a low profile are demanded of the semiconductors and electronic components used in portable devices such as smartphones and tablets. Accompanying the lower voltages and larger currents used in semiconductors in devices, DC/DC converters, which have a higher conversion efficiency ...
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... When a disturbance occurs in a power system due to switching or a fault the location of the cause of the event relative to the metering location can be determined by examining the change to voltage and current when the event occurs. Analyzing direction information from multiple meter locations in a ...
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... intelligence is also used for fault diagnosis. These techniques include the applications of expert systems, genetic algorithm, neural networks and fuzzy logic. Modern techniques are based on application of advanced DSP tools on stator currents for fault diagnosis i.e. MCSA. Faults can be diagnosed u ...
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... confine outages to smaller sections of line. The sectionalizer does not interrupt fault current but can be closed into a faulted line. It opens during the open interval of the backup device. For this reason, it must always be used in series with a fault-interrupting, backup protective reclosing devi ...
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Fault tolerance



Fault tolerance is the property that enables a system to continue operating properly in the event of the failure of (or one or more faults within) some of its components. If its operating quality decreases at all, the decrease is proportional to the severity of the failure, as compared to a naively designed system in which even a small failure can cause total breakdown. Fault tolerance is particularly sought after in high-availability or life-critical systems.A fault-tolerant design enables a system to continue its intended operation, possibly at a reduced level, rather than failing completely, when some part of the system fails. The term is most commonly used to describe computer systems designed to continue more or less fully operational with, perhaps, a reduction in throughput or an increase in response time in the event of some partial failure. That is, the system as a whole is not stopped due to problems either in the hardware or the software. An example in another field is a motor vehicle designed so it will continue to be drivable if one of the tires is punctured. A structure is able to retain its integrity in the presence of damage due to causes such as fatigue, corrosion, manufacturing flaws, or impact.Within the scope of an individual system, fault tolerance can be achieved by anticipating exceptional conditions and building the system to cope with them, and, in general, aiming for self-stabilization so that the system converges towards an error-free state. However, if the consequences of a system failure are catastrophic, or the cost of making it sufficiently reliable is very high, a better solution may be to use some form of duplication. In any case, if the consequence of a system failure is so catastrophic, the system must be able to use reversion to fall back to a safe mode. This is similar to roll-back recovery but can be a human action if humans are present in the loop.
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