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Power Distribution Systems
Power Distribution Systems

Protection Relays Guide 2012
Protection Relays Guide 2012

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Short-Circuit/Coordination Study and Arc Flash Hazard Study
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... Contractor shall provide the services of an independent testing consultant or firm performing the studies to field verify that all protective devices are set in accordance with the accepted short-circuit/coordination study requirements and recommendations. In addition, the consultant or firm shall v ...
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... C_TACH: A timing capacitor is connected between this pin and ground to set the width of the TACH_OUT pulse. The capacitor is charged with a current set by the resistor on pin R_TACH . DIR_IN: DIR_IN is a digital input which determines the order in which the HALLA, HALLB, and HALLC inputs are decoded ...
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... Sending end P.F iii) percentage regulation iv) Efficiency for the given receiving end condition Solve problems on short lines Compute the percentage regulation, efficiency of medium transmission lines with given receiving end conditions and line parameters using i) Nominal ( pie ) method ii) Nominal ...
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air circuit breaker up to 6300a spec

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... to all the problems of hazardous areas (for equipment requiring limited power) and is the only technique, which meets this criterion. The significant factors are as follows: a) The IS technique is accepted throughout the world. There is an increasing acceptance of international certificates issued u ...
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... amplifier may either be a direct reference signal indrcatrve of desired output or an amplifier error stgnal from an The input requirement is approxruniversal amplifier. mately 2 MA (10 volts on Tab 5) for rated power amplifier output. The 193X730G02 driver has an internal jumper removed (Tab 4 to Ta ...
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Fault tolerance



Fault tolerance is the property that enables a system to continue operating properly in the event of the failure of (or one or more faults within) some of its components. If its operating quality decreases at all, the decrease is proportional to the severity of the failure, as compared to a naively designed system in which even a small failure can cause total breakdown. Fault tolerance is particularly sought after in high-availability or life-critical systems.A fault-tolerant design enables a system to continue its intended operation, possibly at a reduced level, rather than failing completely, when some part of the system fails. The term is most commonly used to describe computer systems designed to continue more or less fully operational with, perhaps, a reduction in throughput or an increase in response time in the event of some partial failure. That is, the system as a whole is not stopped due to problems either in the hardware or the software. An example in another field is a motor vehicle designed so it will continue to be drivable if one of the tires is punctured. A structure is able to retain its integrity in the presence of damage due to causes such as fatigue, corrosion, manufacturing flaws, or impact.Within the scope of an individual system, fault tolerance can be achieved by anticipating exceptional conditions and building the system to cope with them, and, in general, aiming for self-stabilization so that the system converges towards an error-free state. However, if the consequences of a system failure are catastrophic, or the cost of making it sufficiently reliable is very high, a better solution may be to use some form of duplication. In any case, if the consequence of a system failure is so catastrophic, the system must be able to use reversion to fall back to a safe mode. This is similar to roll-back recovery but can be a human action if humans are present in the loop.
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