Medical Emergencies and Adverse Events in Ecstasy Users
... above estimate. The researchers found that 8 of 329 users had presented to an ED with an ecstasy-related problem in the previous 6 months. Given the data in this report, it can be calculated (see Table 6.1) that there were at most 7305 episodes of ecstasy use by these users in this period. Because t ...
... above estimate. The researchers found that 8 of 329 users had presented to an ED with an ecstasy-related problem in the previous 6 months. Given the data in this report, it can be calculated (see Table 6.1) that there were at most 7305 episodes of ecstasy use by these users in this period. Because t ...
Discriminative Stimulus Properties of MDMA
... MDMA using drug discrimination procedures in laboratory animals. Despite evidence that training dose can markedly impact the results of drug discrimination studies, the impact of training dose on the discriminative stimulus properties of MDMA has been largely overlooked. The broad aims of these expe ...
... MDMA using drug discrimination procedures in laboratory animals. Despite evidence that training dose can markedly impact the results of drug discrimination studies, the impact of training dose on the discriminative stimulus properties of MDMA has been largely overlooked. The broad aims of these expe ...
Investigator`s Brochure - Multidisciplinary Association for
... steady state levels in the blood to function as a catalyst to psychotherapy. A limited number of exposures to MDMA, spaced approximately a month apart at moderate doses, are sufficient to obtain comparable or better results than other medications that require daily dosing. This infrequent dosing mit ...
... steady state levels in the blood to function as a catalyst to psychotherapy. A limited number of exposures to MDMA, spaced approximately a month apart at moderate doses, are sufficient to obtain comparable or better results than other medications that require daily dosing. This infrequent dosing mit ...
MDMA in humans: factors which affect the neuropsychobiological
... found reduced MRI hippocampal activity in ecstasy polydrug users whose memory performance was not significantly impaired. Whereas Thomasius et al. (2003) noted that former ecstasy users displayed significant memory deficits in the absence of structural deficits (see Reneman et al., 2006). Although a ...
... found reduced MRI hippocampal activity in ecstasy polydrug users whose memory performance was not significantly impaired. Whereas Thomasius et al. (2003) noted that former ecstasy users displayed significant memory deficits in the absence of structural deficits (see Reneman et al., 2006). Although a ...
Samanta Yubero Lahoz MDMA PHARMACOLOGY IN HUMANS AND SEROTONERGIC EFFECTS
... most abused recreational drugs in the world. It has been extensively reported that this drug inhibits its own metabolism by inhibiting a polymorphic liver enzyme, CYP2D6, which is responsible for the clearance of one quarter of drugs used in therapeutics. This phenomenon has important clinical impli ...
... most abused recreational drugs in the world. It has been extensively reported that this drug inhibits its own metabolism by inhibiting a polymorphic liver enzyme, CYP2D6, which is responsible for the clearance of one quarter of drugs used in therapeutics. This phenomenon has important clinical impli ...
Behavioral Profiles in Rats Distinguish Among “Ecstasy
... completely generalize the MDMA cue to amphetamine, but only partially to LSD and DOM (2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine, an analogue of DOI), and at disruptive doses of the latter drugs. Conversely, MDMA weakly substituted for amphetamine in not more than 25% of the animals tested (Oberlender & Nich ...
... completely generalize the MDMA cue to amphetamine, but only partially to LSD and DOM (2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine, an analogue of DOI), and at disruptive doses of the latter drugs. Conversely, MDMA weakly substituted for amphetamine in not more than 25% of the animals tested (Oberlender & Nich ...
Chronic tolerance to recreational MDMA
... underlying mechanism. If distal serotonin axon terminal loss was also developing in recreational users, it may help to explain why reducing subjective efficacy, dosage escalation and increasing psychobiological problems often develop in parallel. In conclusion, there is extensive evidence for chroni ...
... underlying mechanism. If distal serotonin axon terminal loss was also developing in recreational users, it may help to explain why reducing subjective efficacy, dosage escalation and increasing psychobiological problems often develop in parallel. In conclusion, there is extensive evidence for chroni ...
Opposite effects of MDMA
... liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine medical doctor norepinephrine = noradrenaline sodium phosphorus pharmacokinetic principal investigator systolic blood pressure Philosophical doctor (Dr. Phil. II) tetrahydrocannabinol serious adve ...
... liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine medical doctor norepinephrine = noradrenaline sodium phosphorus pharmacokinetic principal investigator systolic blood pressure Philosophical doctor (Dr. Phil. II) tetrahydrocannabinol serious adve ...
Duloxetine Inhibits Effects of MDMA (``Ecstasy``) In Vitro and in
... humans. Duloxetine was used because it is the most potent and selective dual SERT and NET inhibitor, although it also inhibits the DAT with 10- to 100-fold lower potency compared with the SERT and NET [13,14]. MDMA is mainly metabolized to 3,4dihydroxymethamphetamine (HHMA) by cytochrome P450 (CYP) ...
... humans. Duloxetine was used because it is the most potent and selective dual SERT and NET inhibitor, although it also inhibits the DAT with 10- to 100-fold lower potency compared with the SERT and NET [13,14]. MDMA is mainly metabolized to 3,4dihydroxymethamphetamine (HHMA) by cytochrome P450 (CYP) ...
Review Cannabis and Ecstasy/MDMA
... cocaine and hallucinogens, and again they were more prone to try these other drugs once offered (Wilcox et al., 2002). Interestingly, this mechanism also applied to those individuals who were not actively seeking out an opportunity to use drugs. Hence, according to this model, the co-use of cannabis ...
... cocaine and hallucinogens, and again they were more prone to try these other drugs once offered (Wilcox et al., 2002). Interestingly, this mechanism also applied to those individuals who were not actively seeking out an opportunity to use drugs. Hence, according to this model, the co-use of cannabis ...
Is ecstasy MDMA? - Department of Psychology
... Abstract Aims: Not every tablet sold as “ecstasy” contains MDMA (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetam-ine). The historical origins and evolution of this mismatch will be reviewed, in order to estimate the proportions of ecstasy tablets containing MDMA at different periods over the past 30 years. Methods: ...
... Abstract Aims: Not every tablet sold as “ecstasy” contains MDMA (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetam-ine). The historical origins and evolution of this mismatch will be reviewed, in order to estimate the proportions of ecstasy tablets containing MDMA at different periods over the past 30 years. Methods: ...
MDMA and temperature: A review of the thermal effects of `Ecstasy
... caused a mean increase of +0.7 ◦ C. With Ecstasy/MDMA using dance clubbers, the findings showed greater variation, due possibly to uncontrolled factors such as physical activity, ambient temperature, and overcrowding. Some real world studies found average body temperature increases of over +1.0 ◦ C. ...
... caused a mean increase of +0.7 ◦ C. With Ecstasy/MDMA using dance clubbers, the findings showed greater variation, due possibly to uncontrolled factors such as physical activity, ambient temperature, and overcrowding. Some real world studies found average body temperature increases of over +1.0 ◦ C. ...
Recent changes in Europe`s MDMA/ecstasy market
... With regard to trafficking, the vast majority of European production is destined for internal markets, with Germany and the United Kingdom being the most common destinations. There is no evidence of MDMA being imported into the European Union (EU). Assessing recent trends in MDMA seizures is difficu ...
... With regard to trafficking, the vast majority of European production is destined for internal markets, with Germany and the United Kingdom being the most common destinations. There is no evidence of MDMA being imported into the European Union (EU). Assessing recent trends in MDMA seizures is difficu ...
THERAPEUTIC MDMA (ECSTASY): THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT
... [The drug’s] actual or relative potential for abuse. Scientific evidence of its pharmacological effect, if known The state of current scientific knowledge regarding the drug or other substance. Its history and current pattern of abuse. The scope, duration, and significance of abuse. What, if any, ri ...
... [The drug’s] actual or relative potential for abuse. Scientific evidence of its pharmacological effect, if known The state of current scientific knowledge regarding the drug or other substance. Its history and current pattern of abuse. The scope, duration, and significance of abuse. What, if any, ri ...
Evidence for Chronically Altered Serotonin Function in the Cerebral
... that are most distal to the cell bodies of origin. In animals, MDMA spares the cell bodies of brainstem serotonin neurons.9 Whether dose regimens that more closely mimic those of humans can lead to loss of serotonin axons is still unknown. Although the ability of some MDMA dosing regimens to produce ...
... that are most distal to the cell bodies of origin. In animals, MDMA spares the cell bodies of brainstem serotonin neurons.9 Whether dose regimens that more closely mimic those of humans can lead to loss of serotonin axons is still unknown. Although the ability of some MDMA dosing regimens to produce ...
Which neuroreceptors mediate the subjective effects of MDMA in
... (5-HT), dopamine and norepinephrine. However, the role of these neurotransmitters and their corresponding receptor sites in mediating the subjective effects of MDMA has not yet been studied in humans. Therefore, we investigated the effects of three different neuroreceptor pretreatments on the subjec ...
... (5-HT), dopamine and norepinephrine. However, the role of these neurotransmitters and their corresponding receptor sites in mediating the subjective effects of MDMA has not yet been studied in humans. Therefore, we investigated the effects of three different neuroreceptor pretreatments on the subjec ...
A bitter pill. Overview of ecstasy (MDMA, MDA) related
... intensified by parallel use of dopaminergic stimulants (Huether et al. 1997). In fact, Williams and colleagues (1998) suggest that the more serious complications (delirium, seizures, coma) are commoner when MDMA is consumed together with cocaine and amphetamines. In patients with a history negative ...
... intensified by parallel use of dopaminergic stimulants (Huether et al. 1997). In fact, Williams and colleagues (1998) suggest that the more serious complications (delirium, seizures, coma) are commoner when MDMA is consumed together with cocaine and amphetamines. In patients with a history negative ...
... et al., 1987; Morgan et al., 2002) and transporter sites (McKittrick et al., 2000; Isovich et al., 2001) and in the expression of neurotrophic factors in limbic brain regions (Pizarro et al., 2004; Berton et al., 2006). In addition, one key element which was correlated with the behavioural signs of ...
The Background and Chemistry ofMDMA
... a searing taste, insoluble in water but soluble in most organic solvents. It forms salts with several acids, and these are white solids or oils that are readily water soluble and bitter to the taste. It has an empirical formula Cl iHlsNO2, and its structural formula is given in Figure ...
... a searing taste, insoluble in water but soluble in most organic solvents. It forms salts with several acids, and these are white solids or oils that are readily water soluble and bitter to the taste. It has an empirical formula Cl iHlsNO2, and its structural formula is given in Figure ...
3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine Produces Glycogenolysis
... weight cutoff and 210-m outside diameter) for the striatum was 4.5 mm in length. On the day of the dialysis experiment, the probe was connected to an infusion pump set to deliver glucose-free Dulbecco’s phosphate-buffered saline containing 1.2 mM CaCl2 at a rate of 1.8 l/min. After a 2-h equilibra ...
... weight cutoff and 210-m outside diameter) for the striatum was 4.5 mm in length. On the day of the dialysis experiment, the probe was connected to an infusion pump set to deliver glucose-free Dulbecco’s phosphate-buffered saline containing 1.2 mM CaCl2 at a rate of 1.8 l/min. After a 2-h equilibra ...
Determination of MDMA and its Metabolites in Blood and Urine by
... Clinical studies Biological samples were obtained from six male healthy volunteers who were recreational users of MDMA.All participants gave the written informed consent and the study was approved by the institutional reviewboard and authorized by the Spanish Ministry of Health (AEMno. 98/112). MDMA ...
... Clinical studies Biological samples were obtained from six male healthy volunteers who were recreational users of MDMA.All participants gave the written informed consent and the study was approved by the institutional reviewboard and authorized by the Spanish Ministry of Health (AEMno. 98/112). MDMA ...
Psychedelic Drugs - American College of Neuropsychopharmacology
... ple are affected by a variety of disturbances, such as afterimagery, geometric pseudohallucinations, halos around objects, and the trailing of visual images as they move through the visual field (32). Hallucinogen persisting perception disorder appears to be a permanent, or slowly reversible, disord ...
... ple are affected by a variety of disturbances, such as afterimagery, geometric pseudohallucinations, halos around objects, and the trailing of visual images as they move through the visual field (32). Hallucinogen persisting perception disorder appears to be a permanent, or slowly reversible, disord ...
Behavioural analysis of the acute and chronic effects of MDMA
... Both clinical depression and age-related cognitive impairments (Fischer et al. 1995) are associated with reductions in 5-HT markers and may be amenable to treatment with drugs acting through the 5-HT system. Therefore, an improved understanding of the long-term consequences of MDMA exposure is of si ...
... Both clinical depression and age-related cognitive impairments (Fischer et al. 1995) are associated with reductions in 5-HT markers and may be amenable to treatment with drugs acting through the 5-HT system. Therefore, an improved understanding of the long-term consequences of MDMA exposure is of si ...
Research Report Series: MDMA (Ecstasy) Abuse
... Because of its stimulant properties and the environment in which it is often taken, MDMA is associated with vigorous physical activity for extended periods. This can lead to one of the most significant, although rare, acute adverse effects -- a marked rise in body temperature (hyperthermia). Treatme ...
... Because of its stimulant properties and the environment in which it is often taken, MDMA is associated with vigorous physical activity for extended periods. This can lead to one of the most significant, although rare, acute adverse effects -- a marked rise in body temperature (hyperthermia). Treatme ...
MDMA
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MDMA (contracted from 3,4-methylenedioxy-methamphetamine) is a psychoactive drug of the substituted methylenedioxyphenethylamine and substituted amphetamine classes of drugs that is consumed primarily for its euphoric and empathogenic effects. Pharmacologically, MDMA acts as a serotonin-norepinephrine-dopamine releasing agent and reuptake inhibitor.MDMA has become widely known as ""ecstasy"" (shortened to ""E"", ""X"", or ""XTC""), usually referring to its tablet form, although this term may also include the presence of possible adulterants. The UK term ""Mandy"" and the US term ""Molly"" colloquially refer to MDMA in a crystalline powder form that is relatively free of adulterants. ""Molly"" can sometimes also refer to the related drugs methylone, MDPV, mephedrone or any other of the pharmacological group of compounds commonly known as bath salts.Possession of MDMA is illegal in most countries. Some limited exceptions exist for scientific and medical research. In 2013 between 9 and 28 million people used ecstasy recreationally (0.2% to 0.6% of the global population between the ages of 15 and 65). This was broadly similar to the number for cocaine, substituted amphetamines, and opioids, but far fewer than the number of cannabis users. It is taken in a variety of contexts and is commonly associated with dance parties (or ""raves"") and electronic dance music.MDMA may have health benefits in certain mental disorders, but has potential adverse effects, such as neurotoxicity and cognitive impairment. More research is needed in order to determine if its potential usefulness in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) treatment outweighs the risk of persistent neuropsychological harm to a patient.