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Covalent Bonding and Molecular Structure
Covalent Bonding and Molecular Structure

... rod. The plastic pen held above the electroscope carries a static charge, which is transferred to the metals via inductance. Both metal surfaces pick up the same charge (both become either positively or negatively charged), so they repel and the gold sheet moves away from the fixed metal plate. Both ...
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... Porphyrin, the light-absorbing chromophore in chlorophyll, plays a central role in photosynthesis. The uniqueness of porphyrins is, to a large extent, their long-lived intermediate electronic state that is accessed upon their irradiation by visible light. It is this photoexcited porphyrin state that ...
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... The bridge between a macroscopic sample-a liter of gas or a piece of wire that can be held in hand-and the atomistic view is a quantity called the mole. A mole, abbreviated mol, contains 6.022137 X 1023particles, a number referred to as Avogadro's number (NA) in recognition of the importance of Avog ...
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... Reviewing the Calvin cycle and counting carbon (C) atoms associated with one carboxylation. 1. Carboxylation. 1 CO2 binds to 1 RuBP (5C) producing two molecules of 3-PGA (total of 6 C). 2. Reduction. The two 3-PGA (3 C each) are reduced to two glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate (G3P, 3 C each) using ATP an ...
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Photosynthetic reaction centre

A photosynthetic reaction center is a complex of several proteins, pigments and other co-factors assembled together to execute the primary energy conversion reactions of photosynthesis. Molecular excitations, either originating directly from sunlight or transferred as excitation energy via light-harvesting antenna systems, give rise to electron transfer reactions along a series of protein-bound co-factors. These co-factors are light-absorbing molecules (also named chromophores or pigments) such as chlorophyll and phaeophytin, as well as quinones. The energy of the photon is used to promote an electron to a higher molecular energy level of a pigment. The free energy created is then used to reduce a chain of nearby electron acceptors, which have subsequently higher redox-potentials. These electron transfer steps are the initial phase of a series of energy conversion reactions, ultimately resulting in the production of chemical energy during photosynthesis.
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