the motion of charged particles in a random magnetic field
... influenced by E as well as B, is inevitably coupled to the plasma velocity. All other interactions between plasma and particles will be neglected. POSTULATE 3. The component v, of the particle velocity v nornal to the magnetic field remains always small compared with c, that is v,/c << 1. We shall s ...
... influenced by E as well as B, is inevitably coupled to the plasma velocity. All other interactions between plasma and particles will be neglected. POSTULATE 3. The component v, of the particle velocity v nornal to the magnetic field remains always small compared with c, that is v,/c << 1. We shall s ...
Quantum Entanglement on the Macroscopic Scale
... • Since the state of the nucleus and the cat are coupled, we can describe the entire system quantum mechanically as an entangled state: • However, by our earlier discussion, such a macroscopic state will quickly decohere to a statistical mixed state, meaning the cat is either alive or dead before we ...
... • Since the state of the nucleus and the cat are coupled, we can describe the entire system quantum mechanically as an entangled state: • However, by our earlier discussion, such a macroscopic state will quickly decohere to a statistical mixed state, meaning the cat is either alive or dead before we ...
Here
... time dependent and we may ask instead: how does the operator change itself in time, i.e. which operator should be applied on the original Ψ-function, in order to calculate the mathematical expectation of the respective value at the time t? Here we point out, that one may calculate the operators (or ...
... time dependent and we may ask instead: how does the operator change itself in time, i.e. which operator should be applied on the original Ψ-function, in order to calculate the mathematical expectation of the respective value at the time t? Here we point out, that one may calculate the operators (or ...
Renormalization
In quantum field theory, the statistical mechanics of fields, and the theory of self-similar geometric structures, renormalization is any of a collection of techniques used to treat infinities arising in calculated quantities.Renormalization specifies relationships between parameters in the theory when the parameters describing large distance scales differ from the parameters describing small distances. Physically, the pileup of contributions from an infinity of scales involved in a problem may then result in infinities. When describing space and time as a continuum, certain statistical and quantum mechanical constructions are ill defined. To define them, this continuum limit, the removal of the ""construction scaffolding"" of lattices at various scales, has to be taken carefully, as detailed below.Renormalization was first developed in quantum electrodynamics (QED) to make sense of infinite integrals in perturbation theory. Initially viewed as a suspect provisional procedure even by some of its originators, renormalization eventually was embraced as an important and self-consistent actual mechanism of scale physics in several fields of physics and mathematics. Today, the point of view has shifted: on the basis of the breakthrough renormalization group insights of Kenneth Wilson, the focus is on variation of physical quantities across contiguous scales, while distant scales are related to each other through ""effective"" descriptions. All scales are linked in a broadly systematic way, and the actual physics pertinent to each is extracted with the suitable specific computational techniques appropriate for each.