Bose-Einstein Condensation and Free DKP field
... (2π)3 eβ(ω−µ) − 1 eβ(ω+µ) − 1 as the chemical potential satisfies |µ| < m, thus, the charge densities of particles and anti– particles are non–negative. Note that (40) is really an implicit formula for µ as a function of ρ and T . For T above the some critical temperature TC , one can always find a ...
... (2π)3 eβ(ω−µ) − 1 eβ(ω+µ) − 1 as the chemical potential satisfies |µ| < m, thus, the charge densities of particles and anti– particles are non–negative. Note that (40) is really an implicit formula for µ as a function of ρ and T . For T above the some critical temperature TC , one can always find a ...
The Quantum Jump Approach and Quantum Trajectories, Springer
... or properties to the latter. It has turned out to be a practical tool for questions concerning a single system and often has technical and conceptual advantages. More details as well as applications can be found in Refs. [4, 6, 9, 10, 11, 12] and in the surveys [13, 14]. It is intuitively reasonable ...
... or properties to the latter. It has turned out to be a practical tool for questions concerning a single system and often has technical and conceptual advantages. More details as well as applications can be found in Refs. [4, 6, 9, 10, 11, 12] and in the surveys [13, 14]. It is intuitively reasonable ...
Sect. 18: The Strong Force
... It is the fact that we have two quark ground state flavor charges ("up-down"), that allows us to have two ground state baryons (neutron udd and proton uud+), which can share their virtual meson fields (uu, dd, ud+ or ud- (antiparticles underlined)), and so bond together by reducing their total boun ...
... It is the fact that we have two quark ground state flavor charges ("up-down"), that allows us to have two ground state baryons (neutron udd and proton uud+), which can share their virtual meson fields (uu, dd, ud+ or ud- (antiparticles underlined)), and so bond together by reducing their total boun ...
Section 42
... A certain element has its outermost electron in a 3p state. It has valence +3, since it has 3 more electrons than a certain noble gas. What element is it? ...
... A certain element has its outermost electron in a 3p state. It has valence +3, since it has 3 more electrons than a certain noble gas. What element is it? ...
View PDF - The Institute of Optics
... In recent years, there has been great interest in the development of means for secure communication that are based on the fundamental laws of quantum mechanics.1–5 Our group has been particularly interested in developing a free-space system for quantum key distribution (QKD) based on the use of Lagu ...
... In recent years, there has been great interest in the development of means for secure communication that are based on the fundamental laws of quantum mechanics.1–5 Our group has been particularly interested in developing a free-space system for quantum key distribution (QKD) based on the use of Lagu ...
. of Statistica. nterpretation
... interaction with a suitable apparatus. Thus a rnomentum eigenstate (plane wave in configuration space) represents the ensemble whose members are single electrons each having the same momentum, but distributed uniformly over all positions. A more realistic example which occurs in scattering problems ...
... interaction with a suitable apparatus. Thus a rnomentum eigenstate (plane wave in configuration space) represents the ensemble whose members are single electrons each having the same momentum, but distributed uniformly over all positions. A more realistic example which occurs in scattering problems ...
The Learnability of Quantum States
... the classical world (not that that’s stopped people from trying…) Question: Can you have a quantum state |f that lets you efficiently compute an unknown Boolean function f:{0,1}n{0,1}, but can’t be efficiently used to prepare more states that also let you efficiently compute f? A task closely rel ...
... the classical world (not that that’s stopped people from trying…) Question: Can you have a quantum state |f that lets you efficiently compute an unknown Boolean function f:{0,1}n{0,1}, but can’t be efficiently used to prepare more states that also let you efficiently compute f? A task closely rel ...
Quantum Numbers, Orbitals, and Probability Patterns
... for other wave motions in nature. This equation describes how a wave associated with an electron varies in space as the electron moves under various forces. Schrödinger worked out the solutions of his equation for the hydrogen atom, and the results agreed perfectly with the known energy levels for h ...
... for other wave motions in nature. This equation describes how a wave associated with an electron varies in space as the electron moves under various forces. Schrödinger worked out the solutions of his equation for the hydrogen atom, and the results agreed perfectly with the known energy levels for h ...
The theory of the ‘0.7 anomaly’ in quantum point contacts
... In this spin-density functional calculation (SDFT) [4], which generalizes an earlier SDFT calculation [5], we treat the twodimensional electron gas (2DEG), the electrodes and the donor layer as a set of three electrostatically coupled two-dimensional systems (figure 1(a)). We assume the donor layer ...
... In this spin-density functional calculation (SDFT) [4], which generalizes an earlier SDFT calculation [5], we treat the twodimensional electron gas (2DEG), the electrodes and the donor layer as a set of three electrostatically coupled two-dimensional systems (figure 1(a)). We assume the donor layer ...
Renormalization
In quantum field theory, the statistical mechanics of fields, and the theory of self-similar geometric structures, renormalization is any of a collection of techniques used to treat infinities arising in calculated quantities.Renormalization specifies relationships between parameters in the theory when the parameters describing large distance scales differ from the parameters describing small distances. Physically, the pileup of contributions from an infinity of scales involved in a problem may then result in infinities. When describing space and time as a continuum, certain statistical and quantum mechanical constructions are ill defined. To define them, this continuum limit, the removal of the ""construction scaffolding"" of lattices at various scales, has to be taken carefully, as detailed below.Renormalization was first developed in quantum electrodynamics (QED) to make sense of infinite integrals in perturbation theory. Initially viewed as a suspect provisional procedure even by some of its originators, renormalization eventually was embraced as an important and self-consistent actual mechanism of scale physics in several fields of physics and mathematics. Today, the point of view has shifted: on the basis of the breakthrough renormalization group insights of Kenneth Wilson, the focus is on variation of physical quantities across contiguous scales, while distant scales are related to each other through ""effective"" descriptions. All scales are linked in a broadly systematic way, and the actual physics pertinent to each is extracted with the suitable specific computational techniques appropriate for each.