SEQUENTIALLY INDEPENDENT EFFECTS 1. Introduction
... two measurements M1 , M2 cannot be performed simultaneously so they are usually executed sequentially. Thus, they are either executed in the order (M1 , M2 ) or (M2 , M1 ). We may think of (M1 , M2 ) as a sequential measurement in which M1 is measured first and M2 second. As is frequently done, both ...
... two measurements M1 , M2 cannot be performed simultaneously so they are usually executed sequentially. Thus, they are either executed in the order (M1 , M2 ) or (M2 , M1 ). We may think of (M1 , M2 ) as a sequential measurement in which M1 is measured first and M2 second. As is frequently done, both ...
Phys. Rev. Lett. 103, 265302
... gases, the fermionic BEC–BCS crossover has been the focus of intense scrutiny [1–3]. Tremendous experimental control has been achieved through the use of Feshbach resonances, which allow one to manipulate atomic interactions by a magnetic field. By sweeping the strength of attraction, one may interp ...
... gases, the fermionic BEC–BCS crossover has been the focus of intense scrutiny [1–3]. Tremendous experimental control has been achieved through the use of Feshbach resonances, which allow one to manipulate atomic interactions by a magnetic field. By sweeping the strength of attraction, one may interp ...
quarks and leptons - answers to practice questions
... Lepton numbers are given in the Data Booklet. You have to know that B = 1 for a hadron. The evidence is that this is a meson, and so a quark-antiquark combination. The charge of quarks is given in the Data ...
... Lepton numbers are given in the Data Booklet. You have to know that B = 1 for a hadron. The evidence is that this is a meson, and so a quark-antiquark combination. The charge of quarks is given in the Data ...
Physics News from the AIP No 2, Term 1 2005
... radiation damage sets in and should allow researchers to analyse the structures of proteins and other samples that have never been imaged before. X-rays are one of the most important tools to study the structures of biological samples. Typically a sample must be crystallized so that the molecules li ...
... radiation damage sets in and should allow researchers to analyse the structures of proteins and other samples that have never been imaged before. X-rays are one of the most important tools to study the structures of biological samples. Typically a sample must be crystallized so that the molecules li ...
Population Inversion in a Single InGaAs Quantum Dot Using
... For ARP to operate, the quantum dynamics during the interaction with the field must not be interrupted by random events leading to dephasing of the coherent superposition of the ground and excited states [16–18]. The quantization of electronic states in a semiconductor quantum dot leads to an electr ...
... For ARP to operate, the quantum dynamics during the interaction with the field must not be interrupted by random events leading to dephasing of the coherent superposition of the ground and excited states [16–18]. The quantization of electronic states in a semiconductor quantum dot leads to an electr ...
Renormalization
In quantum field theory, the statistical mechanics of fields, and the theory of self-similar geometric structures, renormalization is any of a collection of techniques used to treat infinities arising in calculated quantities.Renormalization specifies relationships between parameters in the theory when the parameters describing large distance scales differ from the parameters describing small distances. Physically, the pileup of contributions from an infinity of scales involved in a problem may then result in infinities. When describing space and time as a continuum, certain statistical and quantum mechanical constructions are ill defined. To define them, this continuum limit, the removal of the ""construction scaffolding"" of lattices at various scales, has to be taken carefully, as detailed below.Renormalization was first developed in quantum electrodynamics (QED) to make sense of infinite integrals in perturbation theory. Initially viewed as a suspect provisional procedure even by some of its originators, renormalization eventually was embraced as an important and self-consistent actual mechanism of scale physics in several fields of physics and mathematics. Today, the point of view has shifted: on the basis of the breakthrough renormalization group insights of Kenneth Wilson, the focus is on variation of physical quantities across contiguous scales, while distant scales are related to each other through ""effective"" descriptions. All scales are linked in a broadly systematic way, and the actual physics pertinent to each is extracted with the suitable specific computational techniques appropriate for each.