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"Use of Rail-to-Rail Operational Amplifiers"
"Use of Rail-to-Rail Operational Amplifiers"

... It is important to know which potential the load is connected to when talking about the behaviour of the output signal due to the load. In applications with a single supply, it is typical for the load to be connected to ground (0V). The requirement from a rail-to-rail output is the capability to sup ...
Electrical Wiring Residential
Electrical Wiring Residential

Optimizing Clock Synthesis in Small Cells and
Optimizing Clock Synthesis in Small Cells and

... lock, filter the noise on its reference clock and minimize the amount of jitter transferred to its output. This is especially critical in applications where the narrowband PLL is synchronized to a line-recovered clock from a clock and data recovery (CDR) IC such as a common public radio interface (C ...
Suppression of transients across the tap windings of an auto
Suppression of transients across the tap windings of an auto

AD8000
AD8000

... ESD (electrostatic discharge) sensitive device. Electrostatic charges as high as 4000 V readily accumulate on the human body and test equipment and can discharge without detection. Although this product features proprietary ESD protection circuitry, permanent damage may occur on devices subjected to ...
ZXCT1012  REDUCED HEIGHT MICRO-POWER CURRENT MONITOR Description
ZXCT1012 REDUCED HEIGHT MICRO-POWER CURRENT MONITOR Description

... mean the output can never go negative. Also the output can never change direction (monotonic). This is important if the current monitor is used in a control loop. As the sense voltage is reduced the output will tend to saturate as the input offset voltage starts to have greater effect. It is recomme ...
Noise Caculations (I) Thermal Noise Calculations. In
Noise Caculations (I) Thermal Noise Calculations. In

AN2834
AN2834

... The analog power supply is used as the reference voltage for conversion. As the ADC output is the ratio between the analog signal voltage and the supply voltage, any noise on the analog reference will cause a change in the converted digital value. For example, with an analog reference of 3.3 V and a ...
Tether and Umbilical Cables
Tether and Umbilical Cables

... mechanical stresses imposed during the repeated flexure affiliated with dynamic systems. TE’s ROV product line of heavy lift umbilical cables, neutrally buoyant tether cables and heavy tether cables for all lifting applications in offshore and marine environments. The small size cables all benefit f ...
MAX1793 Low-Dropout, Low I , 1A Linear Regulator Q
MAX1793 Low-Dropout, Low I , 1A Linear Regulator Q

... transistor. Unlike similar designs using pnp pass transistors, p-channel MOSFETs require no base drive, which reduces quiescent current. pnp-based regulators also waste considerable current in dropout when the pass transistor saturates and use high base-drive currents under large loads. The MAX1793 ...
Graphical User Interface for Numerical Protection Relay
Graphical User Interface for Numerical Protection Relay

... A relay is an electrically operated switch. Many relays use an electromagnet to mechanically operate a switch, but other operating principles are also used, such as solid-state relays. Relays are used where it is necessary to control a circuit by a low-power signal (with complete electrical isolatio ...
AD8476 数据手册DataSheet 下载
AD8476 数据手册DataSheet 下载

... amplifier with integrated gain resistors for unity gain. It is an ideal choice for driving low power, high performance ADCs as a single-ended-to-differential or differential-to-differential amplifier. It provides a precision gain of 1, common-mode level shifting, low temperature drift, and rail-to-r ...
OA-13 - Circuits and Systems
OA-13 - Circuits and Systems

AVR493 - Atmel Corporation
AVR493 - Atmel Corporation

... phase with the BEMF of the associated coils. In other words, Hall sensor signals represent the polarities of the BEMF of their associated coils. Three Hall sensor signals resp. BEMF polarities together represent the actual position of the rotor. For normal operation, the switching to the next commut ...
FXMA108 Dual-Supply, 8-Bit Signal Translator with Configurable
FXMA108 Dual-Supply, 8-Bit Signal Translator with Configurable

... active levels, allowing either VCC to be powered-up first. Internal power-down control circuits place the device in 3-state if either VCC is removed. The /OE input, when high, disables both the A and B Side by placing them in a 3-state condition. The /OE input is supplied by VCCA. The FXMA108 suppor ...
1MHz, 6A Integrated Switch Synchronous Buck Regulator
1MHz, 6A Integrated Switch Synchronous Buck Regulator

... saturation current. Permissible DC current can be rated either for a 40°C temperature rise or a 10% loss in inductance. Ensure the inductor selected can handle the maximum operating current. When saturation current is specified, make sure that there is enough margin that the peak current will not sa ...
Design Practices for Using a LONWORKS® Free Topology Channel
Design Practices for Using a LONWORKS® Free Topology Channel

Evaluation Board User Guide UG-336
Evaluation Board User Guide UG-336

... temporary, non-exclusive, non-sublicensable, non-transferable license to use the Evaluation Board FOR EVALUATION PURPOSES ONLY. Customer understands and agrees that the Evaluation Board is provided for the sole and exclusive purpose referenced above, and agrees not to use the Evaluation Board for an ...
Electrical Safety - the Mining Quiz List
Electrical Safety - the Mining Quiz List

MAX1574 180mA, 1x/2x, White LED Charge Pump in 3mm x 3mm TDFN
MAX1574 180mA, 1x/2x, White LED Charge Pump in 3mm x 3mm TDFN

... The MAX1574’s 180mA output capability makes it suitable for driving white LED camera strobes/flashes. For example, the typical operating circuit drives a 3-LED flash module with up to 60mA/LED. To ensure 180mA total drive capability at low input voltages, increase C1 to 0.47µF. To drive fewer or mor ...
AC bias characterization of low noise bolometers for SAFARI using
AC bias characterization of low noise bolometers for SAFARI using

... NEP for several TES resistances. At bias √ points high in the transition (R/RN > 60%) an NEP = (5.2 ± 0.6) · 10−19 W/ Hz is observed. The uncertainty in the NEP estimation is due to calibration errors. We observed a deterioration of the dark NEP at low TES resistances ...
Hospital Isolated Power Systems
Hospital Isolated Power Systems

... Electric equipment operating in the patient vicinity, even though operating perfectly, may still be hazardous to the patient. This is because every piece of electrical equipment produces a leakage current. The leakage consists of any current, including capacitively coupled current, not intended to b ...
PS21767 - Powerex
PS21767 - Powerex

... 1) Input drive is active-high type. There is a 2.5k7(min.) pull-down resistor integrated in the IC input circuit. To prevent malfunction, the wiring of each input should be as short as possible. When using RC coupling circuit, make sure the input signal level meets the turn-on and turn-off threshold ...
System 90 Model 20-40-48
System 90 Model 20-40-48

... 6. Be sure to allow clearance for subsequent level adjustments, input/ output terminal accessibility. ...
IOSR Journal of VLSI and Signal Processing (IOSR-JVSP)
IOSR Journal of VLSI and Signal Processing (IOSR-JVSP)

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Ground loop (electricity)

In an electrical system, a ground loop is an equipment and wiring configuration which results in excessive unwanted current in a conductor connecting two points that are supposed to be at the same electric potential, often ground, but are actually at different potentials.Ground loops are a major cause of noise, hum, and interference in audio, video, and computer systems. They do not in themselves create an electric shock hazard, the inappropriate connections merely create a not necessarily very good instance of Electrical_bonding, which is explicitly required by safety regulations in certain circumstances. In any case the voltage difference between the ground terminals of each item of equipment is small. A severe risk of electric shock occurs when equipment grounds are improperly removed in an attempt to cure the problems thought to be caused by ground loops.
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