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The Columbia Guide to Standard American English
The Columbia Guide to Standard American English

... What is true of contextual variation in our speech is just as true of contextual variation in our writing: to whom, when, where, under what circumstances, and for what purpose we write can make many differences in what we write and how the reader understands it. The note to the package delivery driv ...
Teachers` Notes - Germanicus and Piso
Teachers` Notes - Germanicus and Piso

... Cn. Pīsō: Gnaeus Calpurnius Piso, the governor of Syria. Cn. is the conventional abbreviation of Cnaeus, an older form of the name Gnaeus. quō celerius … inciperet: = ut celerius … inciperet. A purpose clause containing a comparative adverb (celerius) is introduced by quō rather than ut: literally, ...
Conjunctions as Heads
Conjunctions as Heads

... criteria for determining head-status, and concludes that the criteria do not consistently point to one and the same head in a syntactic construction. Hudson, however, re-examines the criteria and concludes, after having shown that Zwicky's analyzes are "irrelevant or open to improvement" (Hudson 198 ...
Treebank-Based Deep Grammar Acquisition for French Probabilistic Parsing Resources Natalie Schluter
Treebank-Based Deep Grammar Acquisition for French Probabilistic Parsing Resources Natalie Schluter

... Motivated by the expense in time and other resources to produce hand-crafted grammars, there has been increased interest in wide-coverage grammars automatically obtained from treebanks. In particular, recent years have seen a move towards acquiring deep (LFG, HPSG and CCG) resources that can represe ...
Syntax of Dutch Adpositions and Adpositional Phrases Hans
Syntax of Dutch Adpositions and Adpositional Phrases Hans

... ‘The books are lying everywhere.’ ...
answer key - Tailieuhoctap.vn
answer key - Tailieuhoctap.vn

... are rude; in Chicago, they like the Cubs; in Atlanta, they speak with a southern accent; in California, they like parties. “They” do get around! The trouble with this use of “they” is that “they” has no antecedent. In conversation, the “ubiquitous they” may be acceptable, but not in standard written ...
Georgian A Learner`s Grammar
Georgian A Learner`s Grammar

... Use of hyphens and bold Where words can be easily split into smaller meaningful units, these divisions are indicated by hyphens in the first three lessons simply in order to give the reader some idea of the structure of words. Those who find these hyphens distracting should ignore them, just as those ...
pdf
pdf

... The phenomenon discussed here seems to be very much akin to (comparative) ellipsis, e.g. Maria schwamm schneller als Fritz (‘Maria swam faster than Fritz’) as in both cases an event(uality) similar to the asserted one has to be presupposed. The quoted sentence can only be interpreted if it is presup ...
a complete grammar of esperanto the international language
a complete grammar of esperanto the international language

... Another new feature is the gradual introduction of correlative words in their logical order, and in their proper grammatical categories, before they are called “correlatives,” or tabulated. The tabulation finally presented is a real classification, with regard to the meaning and grammatical character ...
Reflexive Clitics in the Slavic and Romance Languages.
Reflexive Clitics in the Slavic and Romance Languages.

... though I did not think that the time I heard it. In the retrospect, it was one of the best things that could have happened to me. Last, but not least, I would like to thank prof. Michael Wachtel for being on the committee. I spent 5 years in Princeton and I want to thank everybody there. In particul ...
University of Pardubice Faculty of Arts and Philosophy
University of Pardubice Faculty of Arts and Philosophy

... 1. Personal pronouns ...........................................................................................................6 2. Demonstrative pronouns ..................................................................................................7 3. Relative pronouns ....................... ...
TYPES OF SCRAMBLING IN KOREAN SYNTAX EUNSUK LEE A
TYPES OF SCRAMBLING IN KOREAN SYNTAX EUNSUK LEE A

... been proposed within generative grammar since then, the free word order phenomenon still continues to provide a useful test for hypotheses about universal grammar. This dissertation is written from the perspective of the principles and parameters approach to syntactic structure and aims to develop o ...
Copula Variation in African American Vernacular English:  an investigation... individual- and stage-level predicate hypothesis
Copula Variation in African American Vernacular English: an investigation... individual- and stage-level predicate hypothesis

... copula presence. Pustet outlines four parameters of predicates that she finds correlate with copula presence: ...
T.C. Mersin Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü İngiliz Dili ve
T.C. Mersin Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü İngiliz Dili ve

... The main aim of the present study is to define the markers of necessity in Turkish and to define how the choice between the different markers of necessity are made in different occasions, including the effects of the other sentence components on the meaning and use of necessity expressions. The data ...
This is a reformatted version of the original
This is a reformatted version of the original

... using manually identified causal relations indicate that bigger retrieval improvements can be expected with more accurate identification of causal relations. The best kind of causal relation matching was found to be one in which one member of the causal relation (either the cause or the effect) was ...
SIIM ORASMAA Explorations of the Problem of Broad
SIIM ORASMAA Explorations of the Problem of Broad

... we ought to consider the broader context of the phenomenon: What can be considered events? What are the possible difficulties encountered when one tries to establish an abstract definition of events at a more concrete level? We believe that philosophy can shed some light on these questions, and in t ...
Webster`s New World Student Writing Handbook
Webster`s New World Student Writing Handbook

... or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, or otherwise, except as permitted under Sections 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy ...
chris_khoo.PhD_thesi
chris_khoo.PhD_thesi

... using manually identified causal relations indicate that bigger retrieval improvements can be expected with more accurate identification of causal relations. The best kind of causal relation matching was found to be one in which one member of the causal relation (either the cause or the effect) was ...
a complete grammar of esperanto the international language
a complete grammar of esperanto the international language

... Another new feature is the gradual introduction of correlative words in their logical order, and in their proper grammatical categories, before they are called “correlatives,” or tabulated. The tabulation finally presented is a real classification, with regard to the meaning and grammatical character ...
THE USE OF THE PARTICLE БЫЛО IN
THE USE OF THE PARTICLE БЫЛО IN

... In the examples collected for the purposes of the present study the perfective aspect predominates (377 out of 480 finite preterite forms are perfective, i.e. 79 percent); however, the use of imperfective preterite forms is less infrequent than either Borras and Christian or Forsyth suggest. In view ...
On Participial Imperatives
On Participial Imperatives

... while the participial imperatives in (5)-(6) are extremely restricted in their distribution. We would like to propose that the meaning of the participial imperatives in (5)-(6) inherently contains the negation that is syntactically expressed in the verbal and nominal negative imperatives of (21) and ...
spotting errors
spotting errors

... with a verb when some quality of the subject rather than verb is to be expressed. Here, fresh describes the word Flowers (a noun) and not plucked (a verb). Types of adjectives Types of adjectives Adjectives of quality Adjectives of quantity Adjectives of number possessive adjectives Distributive adj ...
Dependent Clause Constructions Key Examples
Dependent Clause Constructions Key Examples

... ‘(So he held a contest) between the men who courted his child.’ (Himmelmann 2005: 368) The following symbols are used in this appendix: ‘=’ means ‘same functional possibilities as a PoS class in the same language. This PoS class is added between brackets. ‘≠’ means ‘different functional possibilitie ...
The Grammar of English Grammars
The Grammar of English Grammars

... grammatical authorship has sunk so low, that no man who is capable of perceiving its multitudinous errors, dares now stoop to notice the most flagrant of its abuses, or the most successful of its abuses? And, of the quackery which is now so prevalent, what can be a more natural effect, than a very g ...
Get cached
Get cached

... tend to shift from one class to another (especially in the direction of quantifier nouns) when their referring force weakens, which is what probably happened to the nouns paar and aantal in (3) and (4), and the same may be true for the quantifier noun hoop, which is related to the collective noun ho ...
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Spanish grammar

Spanish grammar is the grammar of the Spanish language (español, castellano), which is a Romance language that originated in north central Spain and is spoken today throughout Spain, some twenty countries in the Americas, and Equatorial Guinea.Spanish is an inflected language. The verbs are potentially marked for tense, aspect, mood, person, and number (resulting in some fifty conjugated forms per verb). The nouns form a two-gender system and are marked for number. Pronouns can be inflected for person, number, gender (including a residual neuter), and case, although the Spanish pronominal system represents a simplification of the ancestral Latin system.Spanish was the first of the European vernaculars to have a grammar treatise, Gramática de la lengua castellana, written in 1492 by the Andalusian linguist Antonio de Nebrija and presented to Isabella of Castile at Salamanca.The Real Academia Española (RAE) traditionally dictates the normative rules of the Spanish language, as well as its orthography.Formal differences between Peninsular and American Spanish are remarkably few, and someone who has learned the dialect of one area will have no difficulties using reasonably formal speech in the other; however, pronunciation does vary, as well as grammar and vocabulary.Recently published comprehensive Spanish reference grammars in English include DeBruyne (1996), Butt & Benjamin (2004), and Batchelor & San José (2010).
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