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english,
english,

... According to Vargo and Roger (2004), when firms take a customer perspective, they recognize that customers are active partners in the marketing process and view them as operant resources; hence, they work together to cocreate value. A customer orientation places the charterer (or shipper) at the cen ...
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marketing ug PSD amended 4 8 09 (2)

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commercialization of biopharmaceuticals

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Growing Michigan’s Future A Guide to Marketing

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Full Costs, Cost Changes, and Prices

... THE full-cost doctrine and the related ideas examined here appear as explanations both of the level of the price for a commodity at a given time and of the conditions under which that price will or will not be changed. Sometimes this distinction is not made clearly, as if it were not important.' The ...
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Marketing channel

A marketing channel is a set of practices or activities necessary to transfer the ownership of goods from the point of production to the point of consumption. It is the way products and services get to the end-user, the consumer; and is also known as a distribution channel. A marketing channel is a useful tool for management, and is crucial to creating an effective and well-planned marketing strategy.Another less known form of the marketing channel is the Dual Distribution channel. This channel is a less traditional form that allows the manufacturer or wholesaler to reach the end-user by using more than one distribution channel. The producer can simultaneously reach the consumer through a direct market, such as a website, or sell to another company or retailer that will reach the consumer through another channel, i.e., a store. An example of this type of channel would be franchising.Roles of marketing channel in marketing strategies Links producers to buyers. Influences the firm's pricing strategy. Affecting product strategy through branding, policies, willingness to stock. Customizes profits, install, maintain, offer credit, etc.↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ 4.0 4.1
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