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Electronics circuits I
Electronics circuits I

... There are many situations wherein the signal picked up from a source (say a transducers) is too feeble to be of any use and has to be magnified before it can have the capability to drive a system (say another transducer). For example, the electrical signal produced by a microphone has to be magnifie ...
AP8801  500mA LED STEP-DOWN CONVERTER Description
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... When a low frequency PWM signal with voltages between 2.5V and a low level of zero is applied to the CTRL pin the output current will be switched on and off at the PWM frequency. The resultant LED current ILEDavg will be proportional to the PWM duty cycle. See figure 18. A Pulse Width Modulated (PWM ...
Hand-Drawn Circuit Diagrams for all circuits that are to
Hand-Drawn Circuit Diagrams for all circuits that are to

3.3-V/5-V Multichannel RS-232 Line Driver/Receiver (Rev. D
3.3-V/5-V Multichannel RS-232 Line Driver/Receiver (Rev. D

... The SN75LV4737A‡ consists of three line drivers, five line receivers, and a charge-pump circuit. It provides the electrical interface between an asynchronous communication controller and the serial-port connector, and meets the requirements of TIA/EIA-232-F. This combination of drivers and receivers ...
Features • - megaslides.es
Features • - megaslides.es

... lter increases the sample rate by a factor of 8 using 3 linear phase half-band filters cascaded, followed by a first order SINC interpolator with a factor of 8. This filter elimina tes the images of baseband audio, retaining only the image at 64x the input sample rate, which is eliminated by the ana ...
AK1543 - Asahi Kasei Microdevices
AK1543 - Asahi Kasei Microdevices

... turns ON during the timer period specified by the counter value in D[12:0] = {FAST[12:0]} in , and the charge pump for the Fast Lockup mode (Charge Pump 2) is enabled. After the timer period elapsed, the loop filter switch turns OFF. The charge pump for normal operation (Charge Pump 1) is ...
VXR-7000 - Vertex Standard
VXR-7000 - Vertex Standard

ABCs of ADCs - Analog-to-Digital Converter Basics
ABCs of ADCs - Analog-to-Digital Converter Basics

... provides an output that digitally represents the input voltage or current level. Notice I said voltage or current. Most ADCs convert an input voltage to a digital word, but the true definition of an ADC does include the possibility of an input current. An ADC has an analog reference voltage or curre ...
MIL-STD-461D - Washington Laboratories
MIL-STD-461D - Washington Laboratories

TekConnect Adapters - Liberty Test Equipment
TekConnect Adapters - Liberty Test Equipment

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LLC resonant half-bridge converter design guideline

... achieve high power density. Such features perfectly fit the power supply demand of many modern applications such as LCD and PDP TV or 80+ initiative compliant ATX silver box. One of the major difficulties that engineers are facing with this topology is the lack of information concerning the way the ...
具有停机模式的 、低噪声、 、 运算放大器
具有停机模式的 、低噪声、 、 运算放大器

... INPUT AND ESD PROTECTION The OPA322 incorporates internal electrostatic discharge (ESD) protection circuits on all pins. In the case of input and output pins, this protection primarily consists of current-steering diodes connected between the input and power-supply pins. These ESD protection diodes ...
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MC10H645 (4) VIEW - Ropla Elektronik Sp. z oo

Automotive Power-Management IC with Three Step-Down Converters and Linear Regulator MAX16920 Features
Automotive Power-Management IC with Three Step-Down Converters and Linear Regulator MAX16920 Features

... up to 150mA, 600mA, and 1.5A, while the linear regulator is capable of up to 150mA. The MAX16920 is designed to operate with input voltages between 5.5V to 28V and survive voltage transients to 45V, making it ideal for automotive applications. The MAX16920 is optimized for high efficiency and low st ...
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... The integration of mixed-signal systems has long been a problem in the semiconductor industry. CMOS System-on-Chip (SOC), the traditional means for integration, fails mixed-signal systems on two fronts; the lack of on-chip passives with high quality (Q) factors inhibits the design of completely inte ...
Train Current Detection Manual_J2C
Train Current Detection Manual_J2C

... control) on a model train layout, a very reliable and accurate train detection circuit is necessary. The J2C detection circuit uses current sense to detect a train. The detection circuit is wired in series with the track, so if a section of track called a block has something in it that uses electric ...
Principles of Electronic Communication Systems
Principles of Electronic Communication Systems

Signal Level Control (AGC)
Signal Level Control (AGC)

... 2. Voltage across R1is then filtered using R2,C2 & produces AGC voltage. 3. During periods other than synch pulse, diode is under RB condition. ...
A Two-Bit-Per-Cycle Successive-Approximation ADC with
A Two-Bit-Per-Cycle Successive-Approximation ADC with

Quad Low Noise, Low Cost Variable Gain Amplifier AD8335
Quad Low Noise, Low Cost Variable Gain Amplifier AD8335

... Channel 1 and Channel 2 are enabled through the EN12 pin and Channel 3 and Channel 4 are enabled through the EN34 pin. For VGA only applications, the PrAs can be powered down, significantly reducing power consumption. The AD8335 is available in a 64-lead lead frame chip scale package (9 mm × 9 mm) f ...
ESD/ EMI Precautions - NAL Research Corporation
ESD/ EMI Precautions - NAL Research Corporation

... For GSM applications plan a minimum isolation of 40dB. In a handheld type design an isolation of approximately  20dB  can  be  reached  with  careful  placement  of  the  antennas,  but  this  isn’t  sufficient.  In  such  applications an  additional  input  filter  is  needed  on  the  GPS  side  t ...
MAX15041 Evaluation Kit Evaluates: General Description Features
MAX15041 Evaluation Kit Evaluates: General Description Features

... Note: Indicate that you are using the MAX15041 when contacting these component suppliers. ...
Get PDF - IOS Press
Get PDF - IOS Press

... measured by a vector voltage comparator. Since the one side of the human body was electrically connected to an imaginal ground, the impedance of the human body was correctly and stably measured by using the LCR meter [8]. Since the impedance measurements required different time-constants at low freq ...
A FREQUENCY-DOMAIN THEORY OF PARAMETRIC
A FREQUENCY-DOMAIN THEORY OF PARAMETRIC

MAX3080E–MAX3089E ±15kV ESD-Protected, Fail-Safe, High-Speed (10Mbps), Slew-Rate-Limited RS-485/RS-422 Transceivers General Description
MAX3080E–MAX3089E ±15kV ESD-Protected, Fail-Safe, High-Speed (10Mbps), Slew-Rate-Limited RS-485/RS-422 Transceivers General Description

... The MAX3080E–MAX3089E are ±15kV electrostatic discharge (ESD)-protected, high-speed transceivers for RS485/RS-422 communication that contain one driver and one receiver. These devices feature fail-safe circuitry, which guarantees a logic-high receiver output when the receiver inputs are open or shor ...
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Heterodyne



Heterodyning is a radio signal processing technique invented in 1901 by Canadian inventor-engineer Reginald Fessenden, in which new frequencies are created by combining or mixing two frequencies. Heterodyning is used to shift one frequency range into another, new one, and is also involved in the processes of modulation and demodulation. The two frequencies are combined in a nonlinear signal-processing device such as a vacuum tube, transistor, or diode, usually called a mixer. In the most common application, two signals at frequencies f1 and f2 are mixed, creating two new signals, one at the sum f1 + f2 of the two frequencies, and the other at the difference f1 − f2. These new frequencies are called heterodynes. Typically only one of the new frequencies is desired, and the other signal is filtered out of the output of the mixer. Heterodynes are related to the phenomenon of ""beats"" in acoustics.A major application of the heterodyne process is in the superheterodyne radio receiver circuit, which is used in virtually all modern radio receivers.
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