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... Source port (16 bits) – a number that identifies the Application layer program used to send the message. Destination port (16 bits) – a number that identifies the Application layer program the message is destined to. Sequence number (32 bits) – Tracks packets received. Helps reassemble packets. H ...
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...  routers: no state about end-to-end connections  no network-level concept of “connection”  packets typically routed using destination host ID  packets between same source-dest pair may take different paths application transport network data link 1. Send data physical ...
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... already have a route, it broadcasts a route request (RREQ) packet across the network. Nodes receiving this packet update their information for the source node and set up backwards pointers to the source node in the route tables. In addition to the source node's IP address, current sequence number, a ...
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... However, although this naive method appears viable theoretically, it does not always work well in reality. For example, a path with high packet loss tends to lose more packets in practice than are predicted theoretically, and thus, the retransmission over the same path is inefficient. Also, once the ...
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... IP over WDM Network Interconnection Models  Peer model: There is only a single control plane Hence the optical domain is transparent to the IP routers Each OXC also need to be an IP router and be IP addressable The routers in the IP network and Optical network can run routing protocols like OSPF o ...
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Multiprotocol Label Switching

Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) is a mechanism in high-performance telecommunications networks that directs data from one network node to the next based on short path labels rather than long network addresses, avoiding complex lookups in a routing table. The labels identify virtual links (paths) between distant nodes rather than endpoints. MPLS can encapsulate packets of various network protocols. MPLS supports a range of access technologies, including T1/E1, ATM, Frame Relay, and DSL.
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