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chapter 7:extra notes
chapter 7:extra notes

... The recovered signal is applied to C2 to remove the DC. The resulting ac is amplified by audio amplifier and applied to loudspeaker. The DC voltage across R1 and C1 are filtered out further to get pure DC. This is done by R2 and C3. Note: must make sure the time constant of the component be so large ...
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... • Identification of common-emitter amplifiers • Amplifier characteristics such as voltage gain, input and output resistances and linear signal range • Rule-of-thumb estimates for voltage gain of common-emitter amplifiers. ...
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... MOSFETs (Metal-oxide-semiconductor field effect transistors) come in two types, each of which comes in two polarities: N-channel MOSFETs conduct solely by electrons. P-channel MOSFETs (less common) conduct solely by holes. Enhancement-mode MOSFETs have no built-in channel. The channel is induced by ...
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... to an input current IS of about 25 mA. Therefore, currents less than about 25 mA cannot be measured. However, accuracy for very low currents is not usually required. The ratios of the four resistors that form the subtractor must be matched to obtain maximum common-mode rejection (CMR). In this stage ...
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... mismatch between ML1 and ML2 on o&et performance. The fabrication process limited the maximum transistor length to Z O p because of the lack of model parameters. Our target was to use on-chip resistors to reduce number of external components. Poly resistors of high sheet resistance were not availabl ...
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Amplifier



An amplifier, electronic amplifier or (informally) amp is an electronic device that increases the power of a signal.It does this by taking energy from a power supply and controlling the output to match the input signal shape but with a larger amplitude. In this sense, an amplifier modulates the output of the power supply to make the output signal stronger than the input signal. An amplifier is effectively the opposite of an attenuator: while an amplifier provides gain, an attenuator provides loss.An amplifier can either be a separate piece of equipment or an electrical circuit within another device. The ability to amplify is fundamental to modern electronics, and amplifiers are extremely widely used in almost all electronic equipment. The types of amplifiers can be categorized in different ways. One is by the frequency of the electronic signal being amplified; audio amplifiers amplify signals in the audio (sound) range of less than 20 kHz, RF amplifiers amplify frequencies in the radio frequency range between 20 kHz and 300 GHz. Another is which quantity, voltage or current is being amplified; amplifiers can be divided into voltage amplifiers, current amplifiers, transconductance amplifiers, and transresistance amplifiers. A further distinction is whether the output is a linear or nonlinear representation of the input. Amplifiers can also be categorized by their physical placement in the signal chain.The first practical electronic device that amplified was the Audion (triode) vacuum tube, invented in 1906 by Lee De Forest, which led to the first amplifiers. The terms ""amplifier"" and ""amplification"" (from the Latin amplificare, 'to enlarge or expand') were first used for this new capability around 1915 when triodes became widespread. For the next 50 years, vacuum tubes were the only devices that could amplify. All amplifiers used them until the 1960s, when transistors appeared. Most amplifiers today use transistors, though tube amplifiers are still produced.
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