Basics of US GAAP for Life Insurers - aktuariat
... • US GAAP accounting rules for insurance companies are
formulated in different Statements of Financial
Accounting Standards (SFAS or short FAS)
– FAS 60, FAS 97 and FAS 120 are relevant for
insurance product classification
• FAS 60 (issued in 1982) contains the general principles
of accounting for i ...
(IS) Y
... Xn = Exports minus imports
6.1 Exports, X:
A country exports domestic goods and services
X = Xo
Autonomous exports, constant
Gross exports are exogenous, largely
determined by the level of income in foreign
countries.
HUỲNH VĂN THỊNH
[email protected]
...
On the Accuracy and Efficiency of IMF Forecasts: A Survey
... established analytical approaches with up-to-date data on forecasts and outturns and by developing
new methodologies to help draw practical lessons for IMF forecasting. We find that the IMF forecasts
developed for the World Economic Outlook are not consistently biased in one direction or the other,
...
Understanding National Accounts: Second Edition
... importance of a timely, reliable and comprehensive monitoring of economic activity
and also pointed to directions for new developments and extensions in the accounts.
National accounts provide the conceptual and actual tool to bring coherence to
hundreds of statistical sources available in OECD coun ...
CH 23 Finance Saving Investment
... E) expected future income, wealth, and default risk.
Topic: The Market for Loanable Funds
36) Suppose a firm has an investment project which will cost $200,000 and result in $30,000 profit. The firm will not
undertake the project if the interest rate is ________.
A) greater than 5 percent
B) greater ...
Global Innovation Index 2008-2009
... Therefore, more than ever, in the current global economic situation, policy makers and business leaders
recognize the need to create an enabling environment to support the adoption of innovation and spread
their benefits across all sectors of society. The importance of innovation readiness, especial ...
Deficits And Debt
... why, even though the real
budget deficit of the United States is
much lower than the nominal deficit,
there is still reason for concern about
the deficit.
...
Economics for the IB Diploma
... • List of countries according to the World Bank’s classification system The World Bank classifies countries
around the world according to their income levels, and this serves as a useful (though very rough and
approximate) guide to classifying countries as economically more or less developed.
• Li ...
... for the first time in over a decade. To the continuing slow-down in major industrial countries in 1991 was
added a sharp fall in output in the former Soviet Union, while the Eastern European economies did not show the
hoped for resilience after undergoing wide-ranging economic reform. At the same ti ...
Indicators of Fiscal Impulse for New Zealand
... Nonetheless, Governments may also be concerned about macroeconomic stability and
therefore the potential short-term impact of fiscal policy on aggregate demand. For
example, strongly pro-cyclical fiscal policy could place additional pressure on monetary
policy and lead to undesirable swings in inter ...
chapter one - [email protected]
... The purpose of this thesis is to investigate the effects of the use of financial and
operational hedging on foreign exchange rate exposure among Australian
multinational corporations. Since the flotation of the Australian dollar at the end of
1983, Australian firms have become increasingly exposed t ...
- Public Intelligence
... The sharp increase in fiscal deficits and public debt in most advanced and several developing
economies has raised concerns about the sustainability of public finances and highlighted the
need for a significant adjustment over the medium term. This paper assesses the usefulness of
fiscal rules in su ...
LCcarG502_en.pdf
... The policy objectives feeing Caribbean countries in 1996 were remarkably similar across the
broad spectrum of countries surveyed. They were essentially twofold and interrelated. The first
objective was to apply those poUcy reforms which would enable their countries to interface more
effectively in t ...
Macroeconomic Analysis of Causes and Effects of Remittances
... intra-European migration involved less than 1% of the total population of the EU4.
Therefore, labour migration can be considered mostly as a phenomenon occurring
between less developed and developed countries, with a growing importance of
remittance inflows in the last decade.
...
Running on Empty: The Operating Reserves of US
... for transactional purposes, and a nonprofit with such cash in a bank account
may be unable to use it as needed.5 A nonprofit may be able to convert other
assets (such as inventories or receivables) into cash if necessary, but these
other assets must also be unrestricted. As noted by Ramirez (2011),
...
The Effect of IMF Programs on Inequal
... not randomly assigned. Extant approaches addressing this problem rely on instrumental variables
(IVs) that are likely to be related to the outcome through channels other than IMF programs and
thus violate the exclusion restriction. To fill this gap, I employ a novel identification strategy for
IMF p ...
Flag - Malawi Investment and Trade Centre
... (AGOA) under which exports to the US enjoy duty and quota free status.
Malawi produces a wide range of export products with tobacco, tea and sugar as the
traditional export products accounting for over 80 per cent of Malawi’s domestic exports.
However, as result of export diversification, a number o ...
Week 17 - Lancaster University
... go bankrupt – then they would not be able to pay off their debts in one year.
So, if there is some chance that the final payment of €1060 will not be made, then
financial investors will not be willing to pay €1000 for the bond, because they know
they can earn 6% without risk by holding the debt of t ...
Principles of Macroeconomics
... 1.3 How Economists Use Theories and Models to Understand Economic Issues
1.4 How Economies Can Be Organized: An Overview of Economic Systems . .
Chapter 2: Choice in a World of Scarcity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.1 How Individuals Make Choices Based on Their Budget Constraint . . ...
OpenStax College
... 1.3 How Economists Use Theories and Models to Understand Economic Issues
1.4 How Economies Can Be Organized: An Overview of Economic Systems . .
Chapter 2: Choice in a World of Scarcity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.1 How Individuals Make Choices Based on Their Budget Constraint . . ...
Principles of Macroeconomics
... OpenStax learning resources are designed to be customized for each course. Our textbooks provide a solid foundation
on which instructors can build, and our resources are conceived and written with flexibility in mind. Instructors can
select the sections most relevant to their curricula and create a ...
... oil prices and declining interest rates had mixed effects in this region. These changes have put a premium on
economic diversification and on flexibly responding to rapid shifts in the global economy. Most countries in the
region continued to face an unfavourable external environment and difficult a ...
II. IMF Macroeconomic Policy Advice in the Financial Crisis
... sector efforts to deleverage rendered credit demand less sensitive to expansionary monetary
policy, irrespective of its ability to maintain low interest rates or raise asset prices. By
contrast, a large body of analysis, including from the IMF itself, indicated that fiscal
multipliers would be eleva ...
List of Indicators for the Interstate Exchange of Statistical Information
... 2.7.1.2.1. Provision of loan
Loans provided to enterprises, organizations,
banks and industrials by credit institutions
short-term
long-term
Arrears on loans
Loans provided to enterprises organizations, banks
and individuals by commercial banks
Loans provided to enterprises organizations, banks
by N ...
... severely affected. Some growth was achieved in the region’s least developed countries although there was no
increase in the net inflow o f resources from abroad. Generating stronger stimuli for self-sustaining growth remains
an important concern across the region, and improvements in the internation ...
Balance of payments
The balance of payments, also known as balance of international payments and abbreviated BoP or BP, of a country is the record of all economic transactions between the residents of the country and the rest of the world in a particular period (over a quarter of a year or more commonly over a year). These transactions are made by individuals, firms and government bodies. Thus the balance of payments includes all external visible and non-visible transactions of a country . It represents a summation of country's current demand and supply of the claims on foreign currencies and of foreign claims on its currency..These transactions include payments for the country's exports and imports of goods, services, financial capital, and financial transfers.It is prepared in a single currency, typically the domestic currency for the country concerned. Sources of funds for a nation, such as exports or the receipts of loans and investments, are recorded as positive or surplus items. Uses of funds, such as for imports or to invest in foreign countries, are recorded as negative or deficit items.When all components of the BOP accounts are included they must sum to zero with no overall surplus or deficit. For example, if a country is importing more than it exports, its trade balance will be in deficit, but the shortfall will have to be counterbalanced in other ways – such as by funds earned from its foreign investments, by running down central bank reserves or by receiving loans from other countries.While the overall BOP accounts will always balance when all types of payments are included, imbalances are possible on individual elements of the BOP, such as the current account, the capital account excluding the central bank's reserve account, or the sum of the two. Imbalances in the latter sum can result in surplus countries accumulating wealth, while deficit nations become increasingly indebted. The term balance of payments often refers to this sum: a country's balance of payments is said to be in surplus (equivalently, the balance of payments is positive) by a specific amount if sources of funds (such as export goods sold and bonds sold) exceed uses of funds (such as paying for imported goods and paying for foreign bonds purchased) by that amount. There is said to be a balance of payments deficit (the balance of payments is said to be negative) if the former are less than the latter. A BOP surplus (or deficit) is accompanied by an accumulation (or decumulation) of foreign exchange reserves by the central bank.Under a fixed exchange rate system, the central bank accommodates those flows by buying up any net inflow of funds into the country or by providing foreign currency funds to the foreign exchange market to match any international outflow of funds, thus preventing the funds flows from affecting the exchange rate between the country's currency and other currencies. Then the net change per year in the central bank's foreign exchange reserves is sometimes called the balance of payments surplus or deficit. Alternatives to a fixed exchange rate system include a managed float where some changes of exchange rates are allowed, or at the other extreme a purely floating exchange rate (also known as a purely flexible exchange rate). With a pure float the central bank does not intervene at all to protect or devalue its currency, allowing the rate to be set by the market, and the central bank's foreign exchange reserves do not change, and the balance of payments is always zero.