... Many studies have reported that the GHGES and the GCM are the main sources of climatic uncertainty [e.g. 27,28,29] which represent an imperfect climate processes e.g. runoff and evapotranspiration processes [9] and topography [27] in large parts due to computational limitations. Main sources of unce ...
Cost-effective payments for reducing emissions from deforestation under uncertainty: Working Paper 72 (438 kB) (opens in new window)
... ‘REDD+’ encompasses policies and activities to prevent or slow deforestation and degradation, and increase forest carbon stocks. It has been considered for inclusion in a post-2012 global climate regime (UNFCCC (2010)). In this paper we mainly focus on the cost-effectiveness of REDD and not REDD+. W ...
... ‘REDD+’ encompasses policies and activities to prevent or slow deforestation and degradation, and increase forest carbon stocks. It has been considered for inclusion in a post-2012 global climate regime (UNFCCC (2010)). In this paper we mainly focus on the cost-effectiveness of REDD and not REDD+. W ...
Is climate change the number one threat to
... global population under water stress could decline by more than 2 billion.27 While there is probably an asymmetry in terms of human well‐being between increasing and decreasing water stress, readers (including policy makers) are owed both set of numbers, so that they can judge for themselves whet ...
... global population under water stress could decline by more than 2 billion.27 While there is probably an asymmetry in terms of human well‐being between increasing and decreasing water stress, readers (including policy makers) are owed both set of numbers, so that they can judge for themselves whet ...
`Dynamic Differentiation`: The Principles of CBDR
... GHGs in the atmosphere. The largest contribution to observed warming and positive radiative forcing is caused by the increase in the atmospheric concentration of GHGs, in particular carbon dioxide (CO2), since 1750.9 CO2 emissions can remain in the atmosphere for hundreds or even thousands of years ...
... GHGs in the atmosphere. The largest contribution to observed warming and positive radiative forcing is caused by the increase in the atmospheric concentration of GHGs, in particular carbon dioxide (CO2), since 1750.9 CO2 emissions can remain in the atmosphere for hundreds or even thousands of years ...
Low Emissions Diet
... A critical problem is that traditional reporting methods understate the shorter-term impacts of animal agriculture. This booklet focuses on such impacts, as it is critical that we mitigate the relevant risks in an effort to avoid climate change tipping points, where a small change in human activity ...
... A critical problem is that traditional reporting methods understate the shorter-term impacts of animal agriculture. This booklet focuses on such impacts, as it is critical that we mitigate the relevant risks in an effort to avoid climate change tipping points, where a small change in human activity ...
Climate Change Impacts on Australia and the Benefits of Early
... risks posed by this commitment. There is broad, and growing, international support for GHG mitigation. The 1992 United Nation’s Framework Convention on Climate Change, supported by 166 nations, calls for the “stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prev ...
... risks posed by this commitment. There is broad, and growing, international support for GHG mitigation. The 1992 United Nation’s Framework Convention on Climate Change, supported by 166 nations, calls for the “stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prev ...
Understanding the Challenges of Climate Change on Business: A Study on RMG Sector in Bangladesh:
... temperature rise of 2-3 degree centigrade within the next 50 years will have some severe impacts including an increased risk of flooding from melting glaciers, followed by disruption of water supplies, affecting up to one-sixth of the world‟s population, mainly in the Indian subcontinent and parts o ...
... temperature rise of 2-3 degree centigrade within the next 50 years will have some severe impacts including an increased risk of flooding from melting glaciers, followed by disruption of water supplies, affecting up to one-sixth of the world‟s population, mainly in the Indian subcontinent and parts o ...
The UK Climate Change Act 2008
... emerge about climate change. The evidence is that we are approaching the upper range of IPCC projections and that key climate indicators – including surface temperatures, sea-level rise, Arctic sea ice, ocean acidification – are moving beyond patterns of natural variability into risky territory wher ...
... emerge about climate change. The evidence is that we are approaching the upper range of IPCC projections and that key climate indicators – including surface temperatures, sea-level rise, Arctic sea ice, ocean acidification – are moving beyond patterns of natural variability into risky territory wher ...
Climate Change Adaptation Strategy of the Republic of Moldova
... pilot projects the feasibility of ecosystem‐based approaches to climate change, meaning that intact ecosystems such as peatlands, permafrost landscapes, boreal forests and pasture land can have a strong and cost‐efficient positive effect both on climate change mitigation and adaptation”. Stakeholder ...
... pilot projects the feasibility of ecosystem‐based approaches to climate change, meaning that intact ecosystems such as peatlands, permafrost landscapes, boreal forests and pasture land can have a strong and cost‐efficient positive effect both on climate change mitigation and adaptation”. Stakeholder ...
5 A Portfolio of Carbon Management Options
... promising options were prematurely foreclosed by incomplete expert or public understanding or by short-term political or business agendas. Developing practical hands-on experience with many different technologies is essential. Equally important is the recognition that markets are good at commerciali ...
... promising options were prematurely foreclosed by incomplete expert or public understanding or by short-term political or business agendas. Developing practical hands-on experience with many different technologies is essential. Equally important is the recognition that markets are good at commerciali ...
ClimateJobsBooklet2011-2_South Africa
... This will take government regulation and international agreement. It will also take a great deal of work, and this means many new jobs. One million new climate jobs would cost R92 billion, and our research shows that there is over R250 billion available annually to finance climate jobs. There is als ...
... This will take government regulation and international agreement. It will also take a great deal of work, and this means many new jobs. One million new climate jobs would cost R92 billion, and our research shows that there is over R250 billion available annually to finance climate jobs. There is als ...
Scenario
... Scenarios (SRES 2000) to project future climate change from 1990 (the base year for each scenario) through 2100. The dominant characteristics of the “storylines” used in the SRES are shown in Table 1. These characteristics describe the demographic, technological, economic and social trajectories dri ...
... Scenarios (SRES 2000) to project future climate change from 1990 (the base year for each scenario) through 2100. The dominant characteristics of the “storylines” used in the SRES are shown in Table 1. These characteristics describe the demographic, technological, economic and social trajectories dri ...
Transportation Cost Analysis - Air Pollution Costs
... Figure 5.10.3-1 shows transport’s share of major pollutants. This share is even higher in many areas were people congregate, such as cities, along highways and in tunnels. Emission control strategies significantly reduce per-mile emission rates of some pollutants (CO, SOx and VOCs), but some other p ...
... Figure 5.10.3-1 shows transport’s share of major pollutants. This share is even higher in many areas were people congregate, such as cities, along highways and in tunnels. Emission control strategies significantly reduce per-mile emission rates of some pollutants (CO, SOx and VOCs), but some other p ...
Article 2 of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change
... given CO2 ceiling.” It concluded (as had Nordhaus earlier) that CO2 concentrations could double between 2020 and 2050 and that preventing this would require global fossil-fuel use to peak and begin declining in the 2000–2020 period (CEQ, 1981a,b). But despite these reports, the option of stabilizing ...
... given CO2 ceiling.” It concluded (as had Nordhaus earlier) that CO2 concentrations could double between 2020 and 2050 and that preventing this would require global fossil-fuel use to peak and begin declining in the 2000–2020 period (CEQ, 1981a,b). But despite these reports, the option of stabilizing ...
Andrew Boswell November 2007
... ways of living to make deep cuts to our emissions. People have managed such change before – for example during the second world war. I already see people starting to do this at every level from the community to local government to national government to industry etc. Its time to stop arguing about t ...
... ways of living to make deep cuts to our emissions. People have managed such change before – for example during the second world war. I already see people starting to do this at every level from the community to local government to national government to industry etc. Its time to stop arguing about t ...
PDF
... Models of climate change predict not only increases in average temperature, but also increased variability of weather conditions and more extreme weather events: more droughts and floods, more heat waves, more powerful storms (IPCC 2001). According to one study, recent climate change has made extrem ...
... Models of climate change predict not only increases in average temperature, but also increased variability of weather conditions and more extreme weather events: more droughts and floods, more heat waves, more powerful storms (IPCC 2001). According to one study, recent climate change has made extrem ...
Population, Climate Change, and Women`s Lives
... and more socially beneficial age distributions based on lower fertility are near-certain outcomes of the development of human capacities. A large share of population growth today results not from reproductive self-determination but from its opposite: unintended pregnancies. Assuring that all pregnan ...
... and more socially beneficial age distributions based on lower fertility are near-certain outcomes of the development of human capacities. A large share of population growth today results not from reproductive self-determination but from its opposite: unintended pregnancies. Assuring that all pregnan ...
T M Climate Negotiations After the Copenhagen Overview of Emissions Targets
... ppm CO2e stabilization target should be accepted as an upper limit – but not necessarily a safe limit – to atmospheric GHG concentrations. The climate system may have already passed the 2°C threshold. Cumulative GHG emissions may have committed the planet to a warming of 2.4ºC (within a range of 1.4 ...
... ppm CO2e stabilization target should be accepted as an upper limit – but not necessarily a safe limit – to atmospheric GHG concentrations. The climate system may have already passed the 2°C threshold. Cumulative GHG emissions may have committed the planet to a warming of 2.4ºC (within a range of 1.4 ...
NEEDS Study LEAD and SDPI - Indus Valley School of Art
... countries. Yet, it is one of the smallest contributors to the problem of climate change and can, thus, be termed one of the worst victims of “climate injustice”. Dealing with climate change is no longer a choice for the country – it is an imperative which it has to cope with and adapt to in the fore ...
... countries. Yet, it is one of the smallest contributors to the problem of climate change and can, thus, be termed one of the worst victims of “climate injustice”. Dealing with climate change is no longer a choice for the country – it is an imperative which it has to cope with and adapt to in the fore ...
Project Presentation - The Bush School of Government and Public
... Environmental Technology • New green technology is emerging • Polluting nations will be pressured to conform to international emission restrictions ...
... Environmental Technology • New green technology is emerging • Polluting nations will be pressured to conform to international emission restrictions ...
Agriculture, Climate Change and Carbon Sequestration
... as detrimental consequences for agriculture. Some research indicates that warmer temperatures lengthen growing seasons and increased carbon dioxide in the air results in higher yields from some crops. A warming climate and decreasing soil moisture can also result in production patterns shifting nort ...
... as detrimental consequences for agriculture. Some research indicates that warmer temperatures lengthen growing seasons and increased carbon dioxide in the air results in higher yields from some crops. A warming climate and decreasing soil moisture can also result in production patterns shifting nort ...
PDF
... abandoned agricultural land for biofuels and find that these lands could produce 32-41 EJ of bioenergy, suggesting this could be a modest, but meaningful contribution to satisfying global primary energy demand. However, in a decentralized global economy, science-based rules for land use conversion ...
... abandoned agricultural land for biofuels and find that these lands could produce 32-41 EJ of bioenergy, suggesting this could be a modest, but meaningful contribution to satisfying global primary energy demand. However, in a decentralized global economy, science-based rules for land use conversion ...
Two Kinds of Climate Justice: Avoiding Harm and Sharing Burdens
... to be made to high emitters because without that they are not likely to comply (or will not comply)’. But if a high emitting country like the USA simply says ‘this treaty needs to reward us because unless it does so then we are not likely to comply’ (or, just, ‘we will not comply’), then it is hard ...
... to be made to high emitters because without that they are not likely to comply (or will not comply)’. But if a high emitting country like the USA simply says ‘this treaty needs to reward us because unless it does so then we are not likely to comply’ (or, just, ‘we will not comply’), then it is hard ...
Primer on Short-Lived Climate Pollutants
... phase down can be achieved through the Montreal Protocol, while simultaneously improving the energy efficiency of refrigerators, air conditioners, and other equipment and products that use these chemicals, thus reducing CO2 emissions as well. The Federated States of Micronesia has made a formal prop ...
... phase down can be achieved through the Montreal Protocol, while simultaneously improving the energy efficiency of refrigerators, air conditioners, and other equipment and products that use these chemicals, thus reducing CO2 emissions as well. The Federated States of Micronesia has made a formal prop ...
4 The Importance of Methane
... Biomass burning - Open burning of biomass is a significant source of CH4. The CH4/CO2 mole ratio is typically 0.5% to 1%. Hence deforestation and agricultural waste combustion have a secondary greenhouse gas impact. In contrast, the CH4/CO2 mole ratio from fossil fuel combustion is much lower. Oil a ...
... Biomass burning - Open burning of biomass is a significant source of CH4. The CH4/CO2 mole ratio is typically 0.5% to 1%. Hence deforestation and agricultural waste combustion have a secondary greenhouse gas impact. In contrast, the CH4/CO2 mole ratio from fossil fuel combustion is much lower. Oil a ...
Economics of climate change mitigation
This article is about the economics of climate change mitigation. Mitigation of climate change involves actions that are designed to limit the amount of long-term climate change (Fisher et al.., 2007:225). Mitigation may be achieved through the reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions or through the enhancement of sinks that absorb GHGs, for example forests.