A dynamic deterministic model to optimize a multiple
... The deterministic model described above allows global optimization of the selection scheme to maximize the frequency of the desired genotype for a monogenic trait, while minimizing the loss of genetic progress on a polygenic trait. These objectives may be achieved by taking into account the whole po ...
... The deterministic model described above allows global optimization of the selection scheme to maximize the frequency of the desired genotype for a monogenic trait, while minimizing the loss of genetic progress on a polygenic trait. These objectives may be achieved by taking into account the whole po ...
major evolutionary transitions in flowering plant reproduction
... Mating Patterns and Gender Strategies The evolution of predominant selfing from obligate outcrossing has received more attention than any other reproductive transition in flowering plants. Indeed, Stebbins (1974) suggested that this transition has occurred more often than any other. This section beg ...
... Mating Patterns and Gender Strategies The evolution of predominant selfing from obligate outcrossing has received more attention than any other reproductive transition in flowering plants. Indeed, Stebbins (1974) suggested that this transition has occurred more often than any other. This section beg ...
15-3 Darwin Presents His Case
... Summary of Darwin's Theory Individual organisms differ, and some of this variation is heritable. Organisms produce more offspring than can survive, and many that do survive do not reproduce. Because more organisms are produced than can survive, they compete for limited resources. Slide 32 of 41 Copy ...
... Summary of Darwin's Theory Individual organisms differ, and some of this variation is heritable. Organisms produce more offspring than can survive, and many that do survive do not reproduce. Because more organisms are produced than can survive, they compete for limited resources. Slide 32 of 41 Copy ...
15-3 - CP Biology Overview
... survive, and many that do survive do not reproduce. Because more organisms are produced than can survive, they compete for limited resources. Slide 32 of 41 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall ...
... survive, and many that do survive do not reproduce. Because more organisms are produced than can survive, they compete for limited resources. Slide 32 of 41 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall ...
15-3 Darwin Presents His Case
... survive, and many that do survive do not reproduce. Because more organisms are produced than can survive, they compete for limited resources. Slide 32 of 41 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall ...
... survive, and many that do survive do not reproduce. Because more organisms are produced than can survive, they compete for limited resources. Slide 32 of 41 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall ...
Negative frequency-dependent selection is frequently
... peer-reviewed) is the author/funder. It is made available under a CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. ...
... peer-reviewed) is the author/funder. It is made available under a CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. ...
Negative frequency-dependent selection is frequently confounding
... peer-reviewed) is the author/funder. It is made available under a CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. ...
... peer-reviewed) is the author/funder. It is made available under a CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. ...
10.1 Darwin and the Theory of Evolution
... a. One idea is that evolution occurs. In other words, organisms change over time. Life on Earth has changed as descendants diverged from common ancestors in the past. b. The other idea is that evolution occurs by natural selection. Natural selection is the process in which living things with benefic ...
... a. One idea is that evolution occurs. In other words, organisms change over time. Life on Earth has changed as descendants diverged from common ancestors in the past. b. The other idea is that evolution occurs by natural selection. Natural selection is the process in which living things with benefic ...
Biology
... survive, and many that do survive do not reproduce. Because more organisms are produced than can survive, they compete for limited resources. Slide 30 of 41 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall ...
... survive, and many that do survive do not reproduce. Because more organisms are produced than can survive, they compete for limited resources. Slide 30 of 41 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall ...
On the explanatory roles of natural selection
... Selection can explain why a trait originates, if it makes that trait more likely to emerge. My supporting argument will use a distinction between traits affected by multiple factors and traits affected by a single factor. In idealized contexts these factors are usually equated with genes. But since ...
... Selection can explain why a trait originates, if it makes that trait more likely to emerge. My supporting argument will use a distinction between traits affected by multiple factors and traits affected by a single factor. In idealized contexts these factors are usually equated with genes. But since ...
UNIT II – PLANT DIVERSITY
... offspring, becomes more common in the population. If this process continues, eventually, all individuals in the population will be brown. If you have variation, differential reproduction, and heredity, you will have evolution by natural selection as an outcome. It is as simple as that. ...
... offspring, becomes more common in the population. If this process continues, eventually, all individuals in the population will be brown. If you have variation, differential reproduction, and heredity, you will have evolution by natural selection as an outcome. It is as simple as that. ...
The genetical theory of multilevel selection - synergy
... arena of selection is the population of groups (indicated by the index set J), the character under selection is the average genetic value among the individuals in the group (denoted Ei2Ij ðgi Þ), and the target of selection is the average fitness among the individuals in the group (denoted Ei2Ij ðvi ...
... arena of selection is the population of groups (indicated by the index set J), the character under selection is the average genetic value among the individuals in the group (denoted Ei2Ij ðgi Þ), and the target of selection is the average fitness among the individuals in the group (denoted Ei2Ij ðvi ...
Guided Reading
... Wilberforce never occurred. Regardless, it was around this time that the British scientific establishment gained the upper hand in the debate over evolution. And while the public disagreement between ecclesiastical and scientific authorities did not end in the 1860s, religious thinkers became more w ...
... Wilberforce never occurred. Regardless, it was around this time that the British scientific establishment gained the upper hand in the debate over evolution. And while the public disagreement between ecclesiastical and scientific authorities did not end in the 1860s, religious thinkers became more w ...
The genetical theory of multilevel selection
... separate the unit, arena, character and target of selection. Natural selection in class-structured populations If individuals vary in their propensity to achieve reproductive success, for reasons other than the genes that they carry (e.g. owing to differences in age, sex, caste and/or local habitat; ...
... separate the unit, arena, character and target of selection. Natural selection in class-structured populations If individuals vary in their propensity to achieve reproductive success, for reasons other than the genes that they carry (e.g. owing to differences in age, sex, caste and/or local habitat; ...
Grade 11 University Biology – Unit 3 Evolution
... Grade 11 University Biology – Unit 3 Evolution ...
... Grade 11 University Biology – Unit 3 Evolution ...
Coming to terms with biological evolution: a critique of the terms and
... Biological evolution: a term that should be used instead of “evolutionary biology” where the main topic, “evolution”, has been transformed into a descriptor Design: a word that should not be applied to a deterministic process such as biological evolution which evidences a variety of states that rang ...
... Biological evolution: a term that should be used instead of “evolutionary biology” where the main topic, “evolution”, has been transformed into a descriptor Design: a word that should not be applied to a deterministic process such as biological evolution which evidences a variety of states that rang ...
STUDY GUIDE FOR EXAM I
... Know the meaning/significance of: Bergmann’s Rule, evolution as compromise, reproductive isolation. Know the different types and levels of reproductive isolating mechanisms (review them here: http://www.bio.miami.edu/dana/dox/reproductive_isolation.html ) and how they work. Know the difference betwe ...
... Know the meaning/significance of: Bergmann’s Rule, evolution as compromise, reproductive isolation. Know the different types and levels of reproductive isolating mechanisms (review them here: http://www.bio.miami.edu/dana/dox/reproductive_isolation.html ) and how they work. Know the difference betwe ...
Aalborg Universitet The reason why profitable firms do not necessarily grow
... and the indirect effects on that characteristic of (artificial) selection working on other characteristics. To confront this difficulty the Chicago School has provided two new tools (under the assumption of multivariate normal distribution; otherwise things get complex). The first tool is the vector ...
... and the indirect effects on that characteristic of (artificial) selection working on other characteristics. To confront this difficulty the Chicago School has provided two new tools (under the assumption of multivariate normal distribution; otherwise things get complex). The first tool is the vector ...
Genetic variation, selection and evolution: special issue in
... In the last half-century, population genetics has seen many exciting advances. As Brian and Deborah Charlesworth discuss in this Special Issue, fundamental questions about the nature and extent of genetic variation within and among populations form a consistent backbone for the field but they have be ...
... In the last half-century, population genetics has seen many exciting advances. As Brian and Deborah Charlesworth discuss in this Special Issue, fundamental questions about the nature and extent of genetic variation within and among populations form a consistent backbone for the field but they have be ...
DARWIN`S STORY Charles Darwin was a very “atypical” scientist
... (Evidence #11 “Adaptation.”) These characteristics that help them survive will be passed on to their kids. Most of the time, the living things that are not best adapted will die out before they have a chance to reproduce. After a great amount of time, populations can change so much that the two popu ...
... (Evidence #11 “Adaptation.”) These characteristics that help them survive will be passed on to their kids. Most of the time, the living things that are not best adapted will die out before they have a chance to reproduce. After a great amount of time, populations can change so much that the two popu ...
How Does Evolution Explain Blindness in Cavefish?
... of a population due to chance or random events rather than to natural selection, resulting in changes in allele frequencies over time” (Biology Online, 2008). Genetic drift differs from natural selection because observed changes in allele frequency are completely at random, not the result of natural ...
... of a population due to chance or random events rather than to natural selection, resulting in changes in allele frequencies over time” (Biology Online, 2008). Genetic drift differs from natural selection because observed changes in allele frequency are completely at random, not the result of natural ...
Peer-reviewed Article PDF
... reproduction to form the zygote [6], i.e., sexual reproduction grantees transfer effective mutations to the offspring [1,3]. So, the time is not the important item to show effects of mutations, but the numbers of gametes do, because they have the opportunity to meet, unite and produce the zygote and ...
... reproduction to form the zygote [6], i.e., sexual reproduction grantees transfer effective mutations to the offspring [1,3]. So, the time is not the important item to show effects of mutations, but the numbers of gametes do, because they have the opportunity to meet, unite and produce the zygote and ...
Natural selection
Natural selection is the differential survival and reproduction of individuals due to differences in phenotype; it is a key mechanism of evolution. The term ""natural selection"" was popularised by Charles Darwin, who intended it to be compared with artificial selection, now more commonly referred to as selective breeding.Variation exists within all populations of organisms. This occurs partly because random mutations arise in the genome of an individual organism, and these mutations can be passed to offspring. Throughout the individuals’ lives, their genomes interact with their environments to cause variations in traits. (The environment of a genome includes the molecular biology in the cell, other cells, other individuals, populations, species, as well as the abiotic environment.) Individuals with certain variants of the trait may survive and reproduce more than individuals with other, less successful, variants. Therefore, the population evolves. Factors that affect reproductive success are also important, an issue that Darwin developed in his ideas on sexual selection, which was redefined as being included in natural selection in the 1930s when biologists considered it not to be very important, and fecundity selection, for example.Natural selection acts on the phenotype, or the observable characteristics of an organism, but the genetic (heritable) basis of any phenotype that gives a reproductive advantage may become more common in a population (see allele frequency). Over time, this process can result in populations that specialise for particular ecological niches (microevolution) and may eventually result in the emergence of new species (macroevolution). In other words, natural selection is an important process (though not the only process) by which evolution takes place within a population of organisms. Natural selection can be contrasted with artificial selection, in which humans intentionally choose specific traits (although they may not always get what they want). In natural selection there is no intentional choice. In other words, artificial selection is teleological and natural selection is not teleological.Natural selection is one of the cornerstones of modern biology. The concept was published by Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace in a joint presentation of papers in 1858, and set out in Darwin's influential 1859 book On the Origin of Species, in which natural selection was described as analogous to artificial selection, a process by which animals and plants with traits considered desirable by human breeders are systematically favoured for reproduction. The concept of natural selection was originally developed in the absence of a valid theory of heredity; at the time of Darwin's writing, nothing was known of modern genetics. The union of traditional Darwinian evolution with subsequent discoveries in classical and molecular genetics is termed the modern evolutionary synthesis. Natural selection remains the primary explanation for adaptive evolution.