Punctuated equilibrium comes of age
... irrelevancy of microevolutionary mechanisms, especially natural selection, but a recognition that Darwinian extrapolation cannot fully explain large-scale change in the history of life. The main point may be summarized as follows. Most macro-evolution must be rendered by asking what kinds of species ...
... irrelevancy of microevolutionary mechanisms, especially natural selection, but a recognition that Darwinian extrapolation cannot fully explain large-scale change in the history of life. The main point may be summarized as follows. Most macro-evolution must be rendered by asking what kinds of species ...
Coyne et al 2000 Evolution 54
... adhere to what they call ‘‘Fisher’s ‘large population size theory’ (LST),’’ which maintains that natural populations are not subdivided, allelic effects are independent of environmental and genetic backgrounds, and that speciation occurs through adaptations to divergent ecological circumstance, with ...
... adhere to what they call ‘‘Fisher’s ‘large population size theory’ (LST),’’ which maintains that natural populations are not subdivided, allelic effects are independent of environmental and genetic backgrounds, and that speciation occurs through adaptations to divergent ecological circumstance, with ...
How to Carry Out the Adaptationist Program? Ernst Mayr The
... Wright 1949). The one thing about which modern authors are unanimous is that adaptation is not teleological, but refers to something produced in the past by natural selection. However, since various forms of selfish selection (e.g., meiotic drive, many aspects of sexual selection) may produce change ...
... Wright 1949). The one thing about which modern authors are unanimous is that adaptation is not teleological, but refers to something produced in the past by natural selection. However, since various forms of selfish selection (e.g., meiotic drive, many aspects of sexual selection) may produce change ...
Mayr - Eric L. Peters` Home Page
... Wright 1949). The one thing about which modern authors are unanimous is that adaptation is not teleological, but refers to something produced in the past by natural selection. However, since various forms of selfish selection (e.g., meiotic drive, many aspects of sexual selection) may produce change ...
... Wright 1949). The one thing about which modern authors are unanimous is that adaptation is not teleological, but refers to something produced in the past by natural selection. However, since various forms of selfish selection (e.g., meiotic drive, many aspects of sexual selection) may produce change ...
Learning Objectives
... iv) Natural selection can act only on traits that affect reproduction. c) Natural selection can act through not only differential death rates, but also through differential fertility rates. ...
... iv) Natural selection can act only on traits that affect reproduction. c) Natural selection can act through not only differential death rates, but also through differential fertility rates. ...
Species, Hybrids, and Natural Selection: The dynamics of
... The concept of evolution was not new to either Darwin of Wallace. Both Lamarck and Chambers had presented evidence supporting the phenomenon of evolution in books that were read widely by naturalists of the time (Lamarck’s Philosophie Zoologique and Chamber’s Vestiges of Creation). Both Lamarck and ...
... The concept of evolution was not new to either Darwin of Wallace. Both Lamarck and Chambers had presented evidence supporting the phenomenon of evolution in books that were read widely by naturalists of the time (Lamarck’s Philosophie Zoologique and Chamber’s Vestiges of Creation). Both Lamarck and ...
100 Years - College of Agriculture and Life Sciences
... and perhaps fatal difficulty to his theory. The special difficulty actually involved three issues. The first was that, at least in terms of direct reproduction, the trait of sterility cannot be transmitted to the next generation. Darwin soon realized, however, that “this difficulty, …disappears, whe ...
... and perhaps fatal difficulty to his theory. The special difficulty actually involved three issues. The first was that, at least in terms of direct reproduction, the trait of sterility cannot be transmitted to the next generation. Darwin soon realized, however, that “this difficulty, …disappears, whe ...
File
... 5.2.U5 Individuals that are better adapted tend to survive and produce more offspring while the less well adapted tend to die or produce fewer offspring. ...
... 5.2.U5 Individuals that are better adapted tend to survive and produce more offspring while the less well adapted tend to die or produce fewer offspring. ...
History of evolutionary thought - SweetHaven Publishing Services
... influence the cosmological and evolutionary speculations of philosophers and scientists during and after the Renaissance.[17][18] This view was in strong contrast with the views of Roman philosophers of the Stoic school such as Cicero, Seneca the Younger (c. 4 BC – AD 65), and Pliny the Elder (23 – 7 ...
... influence the cosmological and evolutionary speculations of philosophers and scientists during and after the Renaissance.[17][18] This view was in strong contrast with the views of Roman philosophers of the Stoic school such as Cicero, Seneca the Younger (c. 4 BC – AD 65), and Pliny the Elder (23 – 7 ...
Document
... • Rate-of-Living Theory – Senescence is caused by accumulation of irreparable damage to cells and tissues – Damage caused by errors during replication, transcription, and translation, and by accumulation of poisonous metabolic by products – All organisms have been selected to resist and repair damag ...
... • Rate-of-Living Theory – Senescence is caused by accumulation of irreparable damage to cells and tissues – Damage caused by errors during replication, transcription, and translation, and by accumulation of poisonous metabolic by products – All organisms have been selected to resist and repair damag ...
- Philsci
... that operates over a population, preserving the better fit, culling the less fit, and along the way promoting novel solutions to adaptive problems. Amundson’s historical survey of the concept of adaptation captures the idea succinctly: The phenomenon of adaptation is at the core of modern evolutiona ...
... that operates over a population, preserving the better fit, culling the less fit, and along the way promoting novel solutions to adaptive problems. Amundson’s historical survey of the concept of adaptation captures the idea succinctly: The phenomenon of adaptation is at the core of modern evolutiona ...
Biology B Midterm I Review Name: Period: ____ Standard 1
... Scenario Practice #2 There are 13 types of Galapagos finches, also known as Darwin's Finches, and they share the same habits and characteristics except for one, and they all have different beaks. The differences in their beaks might be the most important aspect of their survival. In 1977, a large dr ...
... Scenario Practice #2 There are 13 types of Galapagos finches, also known as Darwin's Finches, and they share the same habits and characteristics except for one, and they all have different beaks. The differences in their beaks might be the most important aspect of their survival. In 1977, a large dr ...
Vertebrate pigmentation: from underlying genes to adaptive function
... crosses of laboratory mice have provided extensive information about the patterns of inheritance and pleiotropic effects of loci involved in pigmentation. Recently, the study of pigmentation genes and their functions has extended into wild populations, providing additional evidence that pigment gene ...
... crosses of laboratory mice have provided extensive information about the patterns of inheritance and pleiotropic effects of loci involved in pigmentation. Recently, the study of pigmentation genes and their functions has extended into wild populations, providing additional evidence that pigment gene ...
C. Mechanism: Natural Selection
... "Not only the ass and the horse, but also man, the apes, the quadrupeds, and all the animals might be regarded as constituting but a single family... If it were admitted that the ass is of the family of the horse, and different from the horse only because it has varied from the original form, one c ...
... "Not only the ass and the horse, but also man, the apes, the quadrupeds, and all the animals might be regarded as constituting but a single family... If it were admitted that the ass is of the family of the horse, and different from the horse only because it has varied from the original form, one c ...
Semiotic freedom - Jesper Hoffmeyer`s Website
... he calls the “autocell” (Deacon and Sherman, 2008). Autocells are selfassembling molecular structures that derive their individuality from a synergistic relationship between two kinds of self-organizing processes that reciprocally depend upon one another’s persistence. Such autocells could have been ...
... he calls the “autocell” (Deacon and Sherman, 2008). Autocells are selfassembling molecular structures that derive their individuality from a synergistic relationship between two kinds of self-organizing processes that reciprocally depend upon one another’s persistence. Such autocells could have been ...
Evolution
... Darwin Continued His Studies Darwin hypothesized that new species could appear gradually through small changes in ancestral species. Darwin inferred that if humans could change species by artificial selection, then perhaps the same process could work in nature. ...
... Darwin Continued His Studies Darwin hypothesized that new species could appear gradually through small changes in ancestral species. Darwin inferred that if humans could change species by artificial selection, then perhaps the same process could work in nature. ...
Chapter 21: The Mechanisms of Evolution
... Equilibrium • Biologists can determine whether an agent of evolution is acting on a population by comparing the population’s genotype frequencies with Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium frequencies. ...
... Equilibrium • Biologists can determine whether an agent of evolution is acting on a population by comparing the population’s genotype frequencies with Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium frequencies. ...
Homeosis of the angiosperm flower: Studies on
... of organisms – hence he called them “monsters”. But every once in a while, GOLDSCHMIDT argued, a “hopeful monster” is generated which is adapted to a new mode of life. According to GOLDSCHMIDT, macroevolution does not proceed by an accumulation of small changes within populations, but only by the ra ...
... of organisms – hence he called them “monsters”. But every once in a while, GOLDSCHMIDT argued, a “hopeful monster” is generated which is adapted to a new mode of life. According to GOLDSCHMIDT, macroevolution does not proceed by an accumulation of small changes within populations, but only by the ra ...
Fall 2006 Evolution Lab
... Plot graphs for each section (Part A, B & C) of allelic frequency versus generation . Use two different symbols to graph your data on the same graph. [Must be graphed using a computer.] Based on your results, was evolution occurring in any of the sections (Part A, B & C). Give an explanation for eac ...
... Plot graphs for each section (Part A, B & C) of allelic frequency versus generation . Use two different symbols to graph your data on the same graph. [Must be graphed using a computer.] Based on your results, was evolution occurring in any of the sections (Part A, B & C). Give an explanation for eac ...
The polymorphic prelude to Bateson–Dobzhansky–Muller
... of reinforcement, however, differences in allele frequency or phenotype might be greatest at the points closest to the contact zone, with intermediate values at points further from the cline centre, where individuals effectively experience allopatry, resulting in an inverse cline. Neutral polymorphi ...
... of reinforcement, however, differences in allele frequency or phenotype might be greatest at the points closest to the contact zone, with intermediate values at points further from the cline centre, where individuals effectively experience allopatry, resulting in an inverse cline. Neutral polymorphi ...
TIS THE SEASON FOR SCIENCE
... of nature that select species to survive that are best adapted to the environment. These species in turn produce offspring and their numbers increase. Darwin proposed four tenets by which natural selection operates: 1. Genetic variation. 2. Overproduction of offspring. 3. Struggle for existence. 4. ...
... of nature that select species to survive that are best adapted to the environment. These species in turn produce offspring and their numbers increase. Darwin proposed four tenets by which natural selection operates: 1. Genetic variation. 2. Overproduction of offspring. 3. Struggle for existence. 4. ...
tis the season for science
... of nature that select species to survive that are best adapted to the environment. These species in turn produce offspring and their numbers increase. Darwin proposed four tenets by which natural selection operates: 1. Genetic variation. 2. Overproduction of offspring. 3. Struggle for existence. 4. ...
... of nature that select species to survive that are best adapted to the environment. These species in turn produce offspring and their numbers increase. Darwin proposed four tenets by which natural selection operates: 1. Genetic variation. 2. Overproduction of offspring. 3. Struggle for existence. 4. ...
4 Levels of Selection: An Alternative to Individualism in Biology and
... 0:8ð11:01Þ þ 0:2ð14:04Þ ¼ 11:62. The average A-type individual is more fit then the average S-type individual, which is merely another way of saying that it evolves. Let us now return to the individualistic claim that ‘‘virtually all adaptations evolve by individual selection.’’ If by individual sel ...
... 0:8ð11:01Þ þ 0:2ð14:04Þ ¼ 11:62. The average A-type individual is more fit then the average S-type individual, which is merely another way of saying that it evolves. Let us now return to the individualistic claim that ‘‘virtually all adaptations evolve by individual selection.’’ If by individual sel ...
24a Speciation
... Review Questions – answer questions on a separate sheet of paper 1. How do changes in the environment affect the species that live there? 2. The Northern Spotted Owl makes its home in old-growth forest of the Northwest. If deforestation clears 95% of the old-growth trees, what would you hypothesize ...
... Review Questions – answer questions on a separate sheet of paper 1. How do changes in the environment affect the species that live there? 2. The Northern Spotted Owl makes its home in old-growth forest of the Northwest. If deforestation clears 95% of the old-growth trees, what would you hypothesize ...
Zoology
... ● Each chromosome consists of a single very long DNA molecule, and each gene on the chromosome is a particular segment of that DNA. The instructions for forming species’ characteristics are carried in DNA. All cells in an organism have the same genetic content, but the genes used (expressed) by the ...
... ● Each chromosome consists of a single very long DNA molecule, and each gene on the chromosome is a particular segment of that DNA. The instructions for forming species’ characteristics are carried in DNA. All cells in an organism have the same genetic content, but the genes used (expressed) by the ...
Evolution
Evolution is change in the heritable traits of biological populations over successive generations. Evolutionary processes give rise to diversity at every level of biological organisation, including the levels of species, individual organisms, and molecules.All of life on earth shares a common ancestor known as the last universal ancestor, which lived approximately 3.5–3.8 billion years ago. Repeated formation of new species (speciation), change within species (anagenesis), and loss of species (extinction) throughout the evolutionary history of life on Earth are demonstrated by shared sets of morphological and biochemical traits, including shared DNA sequences. These shared traits are more similar among species that share a more recent common ancestor, and can be used to reconstruct a biological ""tree of life"" based on evolutionary relationships (phylogenetics), using both existing species and fossils. The fossil record includes a progression from early biogenic graphite, to microbial mat fossils, to fossilized multicellular organisms. Existing patterns of biodiversity have been shaped both by speciation and by extinction. More than 99 percent of all species that ever lived on Earth are estimated to be extinct. Estimates of Earth's current species range from 10 to 14 million, of which about 1.2 million have been documented.In the mid-19th century, Charles Darwin formulated the scientific theory of evolution by natural selection, published in his book On the Origin of Species (1859). Evolution by natural selection is a process demonstrated by the observation that more offspring are produced than can possibly survive, along with three facts about populations: 1) traits vary among individuals with respect to morphology, physiology, and behaviour (phenotypic variation), 2) different traits confer different rates of survival and reproduction (differential fitness), and 3) traits can be passed from generation to generation (heritability of fitness). Thus, in successive generations members of a population are replaced by progeny of parents better adapted to survive and reproduce in the biophysical environment in which natural selection takes place. This teleonomy is the quality whereby the process of natural selection creates and preserves traits that are seemingly fitted for the functional roles they perform. Natural selection is the only known cause of adaptation but not the only known cause of evolution. Other, nonadaptive causes of microevolution include mutation and genetic drift.In the early 20th century the modern evolutionary synthesis integrated classical genetics with Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection through the discipline of population genetics. The importance of natural selection as a cause of evolution was accepted into other branches of biology. Moreover, previously held notions about evolution, such as orthogenesis, evolutionism, and other beliefs about innate ""progress"" within the largest-scale trends in evolution, became obsolete scientific theories. Scientists continue to study various aspects of evolutionary biology by forming and testing hypotheses, constructing mathematical models of theoretical biology and biological theories, using observational data, and performing experiments in both the field and the laboratory. Evolution is a cornerstone of modern science, accepted as one of the most reliably established of all facts and theories of science, based on evidence not just from the biological sciences but also from anthropology, psychology, astrophysics, chemistry, geology, physics, mathematics, and other scientific disciplines, as well as behavioral and social sciences. Understanding of evolution has made significant contributions to humanity, including the prevention and treatment of human disease, new agricultural products, industrial innovations, a subfield of computer science, and rapid advances in life sciences. Discoveries in evolutionary biology have made a significant impact not just in the traditional branches of biology but also in other academic disciplines (e.g., biological anthropology and evolutionary psychology) and in society at large.