The AGL62 MADS Domain Protein Regulates
... syncytial phase, during which the endosperm nuclei undergo many rounds of mitosis without cytokinesis, and the cellularized phase, during which cell walls form around the endosperm nuclei. The molecular processes controlling this phase transition are not understood. In agl62 seeds, the endosperm cel ...
... syncytial phase, during which the endosperm nuclei undergo many rounds of mitosis without cytokinesis, and the cellularized phase, during which cell walls form around the endosperm nuclei. The molecular processes controlling this phase transition are not understood. In agl62 seeds, the endosperm cel ...
The transition to flowering in tomato
... flowering response (reduction in leaf number till first flowering) to low temperatures seems to be limited to the first nine days after cotyledon expansion, termed the ‘sensitive phase’ (Calvert 1957; Wittwer and Teubner 1957). The responsive tissue seems to be the aerial part of the plant (Phatak e ...
... flowering response (reduction in leaf number till first flowering) to low temperatures seems to be limited to the first nine days after cotyledon expansion, termed the ‘sensitive phase’ (Calvert 1957; Wittwer and Teubner 1957). The responsive tissue seems to be the aerial part of the plant (Phatak e ...
Most leaves have similar essential structures, but differ in venation
... leaf arrangement. Leaves are classified as either alternate, spiral, opposite, or whorled. Plants that have only one leaf per node have leaves that are said to be either alternate or spiral. Alternate leaves alternate on each side of the stem in a flat plane, and spiral leaves are arranged in a spir ...
... leaf arrangement. Leaves are classified as either alternate, spiral, opposite, or whorled. Plants that have only one leaf per node have leaves that are said to be either alternate or spiral. Alternate leaves alternate on each side of the stem in a flat plane, and spiral leaves are arranged in a spir ...
Colletotrichum higginsianum extracellular LysM proteins play dual
... To evade recognition by host chitin receptors, several phytopathogenic ascomycetes secrete effector proteins which either compete with the host receptors for binding chitin fragments or reduce the accessibility of cell wall chitin to attack by plant chitinase enzymes which release chitin fragments ( ...
... To evade recognition by host chitin receptors, several phytopathogenic ascomycetes secrete effector proteins which either compete with the host receptors for binding chitin fragments or reduce the accessibility of cell wall chitin to attack by plant chitinase enzymes which release chitin fragments ( ...
The N-end rule pathway controls multiple functions during
... mutant, although 2 of the alleles tested (prt6-1 and prt6-5) are likely null mutants (the predicted gene product in these lines lacks the functionally essential RING domain). Because the set of known Arabidopsis N-recognins is probably incomplete (10), it is possible that another (as yet unidentifie ...
... mutant, although 2 of the alleles tested (prt6-1 and prt6-5) are likely null mutants (the predicted gene product in these lines lacks the functionally essential RING domain). Because the set of known Arabidopsis N-recognins is probably incomplete (10), it is possible that another (as yet unidentifie ...
Control of flowering time in temperate cereals: genes, domestication
... Flowering time is a complex trait that shows almost continuous variation in cereals. Unravelling its molecular intricacies in species such as wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), with large, complex genomes and few genomic resources, has resulted in the comparative use of fl ...
... Flowering time is a complex trait that shows almost continuous variation in cereals. Unravelling its molecular intricacies in species such as wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), with large, complex genomes and few genomic resources, has resulted in the comparative use of fl ...
Reactive oxygen species and SRO proteins as regulatiors of
... stressesandwasthereforeusedhereasatooltostudystresssignaling. The Arabidopsis thaliana mutant radicalinduced cell death1 (rcd1) harbors several stress phenotypesrelatedtoROSsignaling.Inordertoidentifynovelgenesandsignalingpathways regulating plant stress res ...
... stressesandwasthereforeusedhereasatooltostudystresssignaling. The Arabidopsis thaliana mutant radicalinduced cell death1 (rcd1) harbors several stress phenotypesrelatedtoROSsignaling.Inordertoidentifynovelgenesandsignalingpathways regulating plant stress res ...
HOW PATHOGENS ATTACK PLANTS
... whereas root cell wall surfaces consist only of cellulose. Cuticle consists primarily of cutin, more or less impregnated with wax and frequently covered with a layer of wax. The lower part of cutin is intermingled with pectin and cellulose lamellae and lower yet there is a layer consisting predomina ...
... whereas root cell wall surfaces consist only of cellulose. Cuticle consists primarily of cutin, more or less impregnated with wax and frequently covered with a layer of wax. The lower part of cutin is intermingled with pectin and cellulose lamellae and lower yet there is a layer consisting predomina ...
An R2R3-MYB Transcription Factor in
... An R2R3-MYB Transcription Factor in Capsaicinoid Biosynthesis Magda L. Arce-Rodríguez1 and Neftalí Ochoa-Alejo1, 2 ...
... An R2R3-MYB Transcription Factor in Capsaicinoid Biosynthesis Magda L. Arce-Rodríguez1 and Neftalí Ochoa-Alejo1, 2 ...
The Arabidopsis Plastidic Glucose 6
... division, followed by cellularization. The result is a seven-cell embryo sac that contains three antipodal, two synergid, one egg, and one central cell (reviewed in Reiser and Fischer, 1993; Drews et al., 1998; Yadegari and Drews, 2004). Mitochondrial and plastid DNAs are inherited maternally in Ara ...
... division, followed by cellularization. The result is a seven-cell embryo sac that contains three antipodal, two synergid, one egg, and one central cell (reviewed in Reiser and Fischer, 1993; Drews et al., 1998; Yadegari and Drews, 2004). Mitochondrial and plastid DNAs are inherited maternally in Ara ...
Origin and mechanism of crassulacean acid metabolism in orchids
... Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) is a CO2 fixation pathway that maximizes water-use efficiency (WUE), compared with the C3/C4 CO2 pathway, which permits CAM plants to adapt to arid environments. The CAM pathway provides excellent opportunities to genetically design plants, especially bioenergy cro ...
... Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) is a CO2 fixation pathway that maximizes water-use efficiency (WUE), compared with the C3/C4 CO2 pathway, which permits CAM plants to adapt to arid environments. The CAM pathway provides excellent opportunities to genetically design plants, especially bioenergy cro ...
The REVOLUTA gene is necessary for apical meristem development
... (Majumdar, 1942; Irish and Sussex, 1992). Pioneering surgical studies by Snow and Snow (1942) showed that the formation of an axillary shoot was dependent on the subtending leaf primordium and inhibited by the apical meristem. These results suggest that axillary meristems may form in response to pos ...
... (Majumdar, 1942; Irish and Sussex, 1992). Pioneering surgical studies by Snow and Snow (1942) showed that the formation of an axillary shoot was dependent on the subtending leaf primordium and inhibited by the apical meristem. These results suggest that axillary meristems may form in response to pos ...
Transition to Flowering and Morphogenesis of Reproductive
... Flowering in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) has long been investigated by plant physiologists and horticulturists aiming to increase productivity of this important fruit crop. The disruption of the sequence of events which give rise to normal development of the reproductive structures by either th ...
... Flowering in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) has long been investigated by plant physiologists and horticulturists aiming to increase productivity of this important fruit crop. The disruption of the sequence of events which give rise to normal development of the reproductive structures by either th ...
Identification of BFN1, a Bifunctional Nuclease
... chloroplast, with the subsequent degradation of chlorophyll and protein. Upon cell disruption, RNA is degraded and DNA is fragmented (Orzáez and Granell, 1997) and eventually degraded as well. One of the groups of genes potentially involved in the senescence process are the nuclease I enzymes. Toge ...
... chloroplast, with the subsequent degradation of chlorophyll and protein. Upon cell disruption, RNA is degraded and DNA is fragmented (Orzáez and Granell, 1997) and eventually degraded as well. One of the groups of genes potentially involved in the senescence process are the nuclease I enzymes. Toge ...
Exclusion of Na+ via Sodium ATPase (PpENA1) Ensures Normal
... medium without NaCl, showing GUS staining in the stem and the basal part of the leaves. Bar 5 0.4 mm. B, GUS staining of rhizoids from a nonstressed gametophyte. Arrows indicate the strongly stained filaments. Bar 5 0.4 mm. C, Cross section of a gametophyte showing staining in the hydroids, cortex, ...
... medium without NaCl, showing GUS staining in the stem and the basal part of the leaves. Bar 5 0.4 mm. B, GUS staining of rhizoids from a nonstressed gametophyte. Arrows indicate the strongly stained filaments. Bar 5 0.4 mm. C, Cross section of a gametophyte showing staining in the hydroids, cortex, ...
Monoacylglycerols Are Components of Root Waxes
... water diffusion across suberized cell walls (Soliday et al., 1979), but other factors controlling permeability remain to be identified (Schreiber et al., 2005). Green cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) fibers contain suberin and a significant amount of suberin-like waxes, including 1-(22-caffeyloxydocosano ...
... water diffusion across suberized cell walls (Soliday et al., 1979), but other factors controlling permeability remain to be identified (Schreiber et al., 2005). Green cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) fibers contain suberin and a significant amount of suberin-like waxes, including 1-(22-caffeyloxydocosano ...
A gain-of-function mutation in IAA18 alters
... primers generated a C135W mutation in the IAA18NT:GUS and iaa181NT:GUS plasmids, and an additional R at the C terminus of the IAA18:GUS and iaa18-1:GUS plasmids. Constructs were introduced into wild-type Ler plants by the floral dip method. T1 transformed seedlings were selected on plates containing ...
... primers generated a C135W mutation in the IAA18NT:GUS and iaa181NT:GUS plasmids, and an additional R at the C terminus of the IAA18:GUS and iaa18-1:GUS plasmids. Constructs were introduced into wild-type Ler plants by the floral dip method. T1 transformed seedlings were selected on plates containing ...
Brassinosteroid biosynthesis and signalling in Arabidopsis thaliana
... the more abundant sterols that are used to produce membrane components, while the second part produces brassinosteroids from the precursor campesterol. Detailed studies in Arabidopsis thaliana and Catharanthus roseus revealed that synthesis of catasterone from the precursor campesterol can be accomp ...
... the more abundant sterols that are used to produce membrane components, while the second part produces brassinosteroids from the precursor campesterol. Detailed studies in Arabidopsis thaliana and Catharanthus roseus revealed that synthesis of catasterone from the precursor campesterol can be accomp ...
Plastoquinone and Ubiquinone in Plants: Biosynthesis
... Plastoquinone (PQ) and ubiquinone (UQ) are two important prenylquinones, functioning as electron transporters in the electron transport chain of oxygenic photosynthesis and the aerobic respiratory chain, respectively, and play indispensable roles in plant growth and development through participating ...
... Plastoquinone (PQ) and ubiquinone (UQ) are two important prenylquinones, functioning as electron transporters in the electron transport chain of oxygenic photosynthesis and the aerobic respiratory chain, respectively, and play indispensable roles in plant growth and development through participating ...
Na+ Tolerance and Na+ Transport in Higher Plants
... although addition of Ca2+ reduced Na+ in¯ux and accumulation in arabidopsis, it did not alleviate salt-induced inhibition of growth (P. A. Essah, R. Davenport and M. Tester, unpubl. res.). Although our observations are similar to reports of the Ca2+-insensitivity of some brassicas (Ashraf and Naqvi, ...
... although addition of Ca2+ reduced Na+ in¯ux and accumulation in arabidopsis, it did not alleviate salt-induced inhibition of growth (P. A. Essah, R. Davenport and M. Tester, unpubl. res.). Although our observations are similar to reports of the Ca2+-insensitivity of some brassicas (Ashraf and Naqvi, ...
Evolution of Class III Homeodomain–Leucine Zipper
... clade diversified, leading to the appearance of new organs and tissue types. To understand how these changes came about, we need to identify the fundamental genetic developmental programs that are responsible for growth, patterning, and differentiation and describe how these programs were modified a ...
... clade diversified, leading to the appearance of new organs and tissue types. To understand how these changes came about, we need to identify the fundamental genetic developmental programs that are responsible for growth, patterning, and differentiation and describe how these programs were modified a ...
genomic consequences of outcrossing and selfing
... Inbreeding and the Efficacy of Natural Selection Reductions in effective population size in inbreeders due to the factors discussed previously are expected to elevate fixation rates of deleterious mutations and decrease fixation rates of advantageous mutations. However, the degree to which polymorph ...
... Inbreeding and the Efficacy of Natural Selection Reductions in effective population size in inbreeders due to the factors discussed previously are expected to elevate fixation rates of deleterious mutations and decrease fixation rates of advantageous mutations. However, the degree to which polymorph ...
Identification of Plant RAD52 Homologs and
... Timme and Delwiche, 2010). Lack of identifiable type-2 RAD52 homologs in the charophytes’ available expressed gene data could be attributable to their absence from this lineage or to specific or low expression of their genes. In either case, the type1 and type-2 duplication apparently predates the d ...
... Timme and Delwiche, 2010). Lack of identifiable type-2 RAD52 homologs in the charophytes’ available expressed gene data could be attributable to their absence from this lineage or to specific or low expression of their genes. In either case, the type1 and type-2 duplication apparently predates the d ...
Studies on biotic and abiotic elicitors inducing defense responses in
... The capacity of plants to resist infection, recover from diseases, and then avoid future infections has been reported in botanical studies since the beginning of the twentieth century (Chester, 1933). Pathogen activities focus on colonization of the host and utilization of its resources, while plant ...
... The capacity of plants to resist infection, recover from diseases, and then avoid future infections has been reported in botanical studies since the beginning of the twentieth century (Chester, 1933). Pathogen activities focus on colonization of the host and utilization of its resources, while plant ...
PALEOBOTANY: The Biology and Evolution of Fossil Plants
... outer cortical tissues (FIG. 9.45), including the leaf bases, so that in older parts of the plant (e.g., at the base), the outer surface of the trunk is protected by periderm. Many of the older reconstructions of Lepidodendron in museums and drawings often err in showing leaf bases extending all the ...
... outer cortical tissues (FIG. 9.45), including the leaf bases, so that in older parts of the plant (e.g., at the base), the outer surface of the trunk is protected by periderm. Many of the older reconstructions of Lepidodendron in museums and drawings often err in showing leaf bases extending all the ...
Arabidopsis thaliana
Arabidopsis thaliana (/ərˌæbɨˈdɒpsɪsˌθɑːliˈɑːnə/ thale cress, mouse-ear cress or arabidopsis) is a small flowering plant native to Eurasia. A. thaliana is edible by humans and, as with other mustard greens, is used in salads or sautéed, like many species in the Brassicacea. Considered a weed, it is found by roadsides and in disturbed lands. A winter annual with a relatively short life cycle, Arabidopsis is a popular model organism in plant biology and genetics. For a complex multicellular eukaryote, Arabidopsis thaliana has a relatively small genome of approximately 135 megabase pairs (Mbp). It was long thought to have the smallest genome of all flowering plants, but the smallest flowering plants' genomes are now considered to belong to plants in the genus Genlisea, order Lamiales, with Genlisea tuberosa, a carnivorous plant, showing a genome size of approximately 61 Mbp. Arabidopsis thaliana was the first plant to have its genome sequenced, and is a popular tool for understanding the molecular biology of many plant traits, including flower development and light sensing.