Download Chapter #11: Triumphs and Travails of the Jeffersonian

Chapter #11: Triumphs and Travails of the Jeffersonian Republic
Big Picture Themes
1. Jefferson’s election was considered a “revolution” because he represented the
common people for the first time.
2. Troubles in North Africa and between England and France emerged. Jefferson’s
actions were sluggish.
3. Trying to again avoid war with England or France, Jefferson bumbled around with
an embargo. His theory was that the only way to avoid war was to stop interaction
between U.S. ships and Europe. The overall effect was to kill U.S. trade and enrage
the merchants and businessmen up North.
4. The Louisiana Purchase came as a complete surprise and quickly doubled the size
of the U.S.
5. James Madison picked up where Jefferson left off with the embargo in trying to
avoid war. But, young western Congressmen wanted war to possibly gain new land, to
squelch Indian troubles, and defend the “free seas.” They declared the War of 1812
with England.
IDENTIFICATIONS:
Marbury v. Madison (1803)
Sec. of State James Madison held up one of John Adams' "Midnight Judges" appointments.
The appointment was for a Justice of the Peace position for William Marbury. Marbury sued.
Fellow Hamiltonian and Chief Justice John Marshall dismissed Marbury's suit, avoiding a
political showdown and magnifying the power of the Court. This case cleared up controversy
over who had final say in interpreting the Constitution: the states did not, the Supreme Court
did. This is judicial review.
Henry Clay
Clay was a Political Scientist during the 1820's. He was also a Congressman from Kentucky. He
developed the American System which US adopted after the War of 1812. The American System
created a protective tariff to American Markets. It also used the tariff to build road and canal for
better transportation. (The American System started a cycle to trading for US market)
Essex Junto (a junto is a group of persons joined for a common purpose) 1812
A group of lawyers and merchants from Essex County, Massachusetts. These Federalists
supported Alexander Hamilton and the Massachusetts radicals. When Hamilton was offered a
place in the plot to secede New England from the Union, he denied the offer. Consequently, the
Essex Junto tried to vie support from Aaron Burr, who accepted the offer from the Junto. The
first attempt to break off New England from the Union failed since it was unable to gain support
from the major power brokers in the state of New York.
Burr Conspiracy
After the duel, Burr fled New York and joined a group of mercenaries in the southern
Louisiana territory region. The U.S. arrested them as they moved towards Mexico.
Burr claimed that they had intended to attack Mexico, but the U.S. believed that they
were actually trying to get Mexican aid to start a secession movement in the
territories. Burr was tried for treason, and although Jefferson advocated Burr’s
punishment, the Supreme Court acquitted Burr.
Impressment
British seamen often deserted to join the American merchant marines. The British
would board American vessels in order to retrieve the deserters, and often seized any
sailor who could not prove that he was an American citizen and not British.
Chesapeake/Leopard Incident (1807)
The American ship Chesapeake refused to allow the British on the Leopard to board
to look for deserters. In response, the Leopard fired on the Chesapeake. As a result of
the incident, the U.S. expelled all British ships from its waters until Britain issued an
apology.
Non-intercourse Act (1807)
In the last four days of President Thomas Jefferson's presidency, the United States Congress
replaced the Embargo Act of 1807 with the almost unenforceable Non-Intercourse Act of March
1809. This Act lifted all embargoes on American shipping except for those bound for British or
French ports. The intent was to damage the economies of the United Kingdom and France. Like
its predecessor, the Embargo Act, it was mostly ineffective, and contributed to the coming of
the War of 1812. In addition, it seriously damaged the economy of the United States. The NonIntercourse Act was followed by Macon's Bill Number 2. It was signed on March 1, 1809. This
with the Embargo Act also stimulated national economy and helped industrialize America during
this time period. Additionally, Thomas Jefferson also created neutrality rights which posed the
opportunity, that if British
Macon’s Bill No. 2 (1810)
Intended to motivate Britain and France to stop seizing American vessels during the Napoleonic
Wars. This bill was a revision of the original bill by Representative Nathaniel Macon, known as
Macon's Bill Number 1. The law lifted all embargoes with Britain or France. If either one of the
two countries stopped attacks upon American shipping, the United States would cease trade
with the other, unless that country agreed to recognize the rights of the neutral American ships
as well.
William Henry Harrison and the Battle of Tippecanoe (1811)
The Battle of Tippecanoe was fought on November 7, 1811, between United States forces led
by Governor William Henry Harrison of the Indiana Territory and forces of Tecumseh's growing
American Indian confederation led by his younger brother Tenskwatawa. In response to rising
tensions with the tribes and threats of war, a United States force of militia and regulars set out
to launch a preemptive strike on the headquarters of the confederacy. While camping at the
confluence of the Tippecanoe and Wabash Rivers, outside Prophetstown, awaiting a meeting
with tribal leaders, Harrison's army was attacked in the early morning hours by forces from the
town. Although the tribal forces took the army by surprise, their assault was ultimately repulsed
as the attackers' ammunition ran low.
War Hawks
originally used to describe members of the Twelfth Congress of the United States who advocated
waging war against the British in the War of 1812. The term has evolved into an informal
Americanism used to describe a political stance of being for aggression, by diplomatic and
ultimately military means, against others to improve the standing of their own
government, country, or organization. This term is usually contrasted with the term
dovish, which alludes to the more peaceful dove. The term war hawks, in modern use,
describes those who seek war on a country or region.
Battle of Horseshoe bend (1812)
United States forces and Indian allies under General Andrew Jackson defeated the Red Sticks, a
part of the Creek Indian tribe inspired by the Shawnee leader Tecumseh, effectively ending the
Creek War.
Hartford Convention (1814)
During the War of 1812, New England's opposition to the war reached the point where
secession from the United States was discussed. The end of the war — with a return to the
status quo ante bellum — disgraced the Federalist Party, which disbanded in most places.
Treaty of Ghent (24 December 1814)
signed in Ghent (modern day Belgium, then in limbo between the First French Empire and
United Kingdom of the Netherlands), was the peace treaty that ended the War of 1812 between
the United States of America and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. The treaty
largely restored relations between the two nations to status quo ante bellum. Because of the
era's slow communications, it took weeks for news of the peace treaty to reach the United
States, and the Battle of New Orleans was fought after it was signed.
Treaty of Greenville (1795)
Signed at Fort Greenville (now Greenville, Ohio), between a coalition of Native Americans &
Frontiers men, known as the Western Confederacy, and the United States following the Native
American loss at the Battle of Fallen Timbers. It put an end to the Northwest Indian War. The
United States was represented by General "Mad Anthony" Wayne, who led the victory at Fallen
Timbers. In exchange for goods to the value of $20,000 (such as blankets, utensils, and domestic
animals), the Native Americans turned over to the United States large parts of modern-day
Ohio.
Battle of New Orleans (1815)
The Battle of New Orleans took place on January 8, 1815 and was the final major battle
of the War of 1812. American forces, commanded by Major General Andrew Jackson, defeated an
invading British Army intent on seizing New Orleans and the vast territory the United States had
acquired with the Louisiana Purchase. The Treaty of Ghent had been signed on December 24,
1814, but news of the peace would not reach the combatants until February. The battle
is widely regarded as the greatest American land victory of the war.
GUIDED READING QUESTIONS:
Federalist and Republican Mudslingers
Know: John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, Whispering Campaign
1.
What political liabilities existed for Adams and for Jefferson in 1800?
The Jeffersonian "Revolution of 1800"
Know: Aaron Burr
2.
Was the 1800 election more or less important than the 1796 election? Explain.
3.
If the Federalists had power for such a short time, were they really that
important? Explain.
Responsibility Breeds Moderation
Know: Pell-mell
4.
How revolutionary was the "Revolution of 1800?"
Jeffersonian Restraint
Know: Albert Gallatin
5.
"As president, Thomas Jefferson acted more like a Federalist than like a
Democratic Republican." Assess.
The "Dead Clutch" of the Judiciary
Know: Judiciary Act of 1801, Midnight Judges, John Marshall, Marbury v. Madison, Samuel
Chase
6.
What was the main purpose of John Marshall as Chief Justice? How can this be
seen in the Marbury v. Madison decision?
Jefferson, a Reluctant Warrior
Know: Barbary States, Shores of Tripoli, Gunboats
7.
How did Jefferson deal with the extortion of the Barbary States?
The Louisiana Godsend
Know: New Orleans, Deposit Privileges, James Monroe and Robert Livingston, Napoleon,
Toussaint L'Ouverture
8. Explain two ways that history may have been different if the French had not sold
Louisiana to the United States.
Louisiana in the Long View
Know: Lewis and Clark, Sacajawea, Zebulun Pike
9.
What positive consequences resulted from the Louisiana Purchase?
America: A Nutcracked Neutral
Know: Orders in Council, Impressment, Chesapeake
10.
In what way did the struggle between France and Britain affect the United
States?
The Hated Embargo
Know: Embargo Act, Non-Intercourse Act
11.
Who opposed the embargo and why?
Madison’s Gamble
Know: James Madison, Macon's Bill No. 2
12.
How did Napoleon take advantage of American policy?
Tecumseh and the Prophet
Know: War Hawks, Henry Clay, Tecumseh, The Prophet, William Henry Harrison
13.
What considerations motivated the war hawks to call for war with Great Britain?
"Mr. Madison's War"
Know: War of 1812
14.
How and why did New England Federalists oppose the War of 1812?