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4. INFECTIOUS DISEASE
4.1 WARM-UP (p. 33)
a. An infection is a disease caused by germs or bacteria.
b. Influenza, sore throat, herpes viruses, pneumonia.
c. Infections are transmitted by microorganisms.
d. Because bacteria weaken the immune system and the body temperature gets down.
e. Because children’s immune system is not completely formed.
f. Because research has improved and modern medicine has found ways to vanquish infections.
g. In the 17th century the science of microscopy improved allowing easy visualization of bacteria.
Louis Pasteur discovered that certain diseases can be caused by infectious agents.
h. Lactobacillus, Hemophilus, Streptococcus.
i. Infections can be prevented with particular care of diet, sanitary conditions, air, and hygienic
habits.
j. A bacterium is a very small organism which can cause disease, a virus is a kind of germ, a
parasite that causes disease.
EXERCISES
4.2 Reading comprehension (p. 34)
a. True.
b. slight/mild; innocuous/harmless; inhale/breathe.
c. Resident flora is the normal microbial flora that usually establishes itself on a site of the body and
defends the body from disease. Transient flora is the microbial flora which occupies a site of the
body temporarily.
d. Its positive function is its short life.
e. “Dairy products” are milk, yoghurt, cheese, butter.
f. High consumption of dairy products may trigger the production of lactobacilli.
g. Bacteria become harmful if the body’s defences are not strong enough. This usually happens in
case of colon cancer disease or in case of need of radiation.
4.3 Gapfill (p. 35)
1. detection
2. global
3. agents
4. prevention
5. measures
6. surveillance
7. vaccine
8. understanding
9. strains
10. monitoring
GRAMMAR PRACTICE
4.4 Gapfill (p. 35)
a. such a
b. so
c. such a
d. such a
e. so
f. so
g. such a
ACTIVITIES
4.5 Speaking (p. 35)
a. A hotel may have been infected by dangerous substances released by an infective bug.
b. HIV is increasing. One of the main reasons for this is due to unsafe sex. Young people do not
seem to understand the real danger and to be well informed.
c. Patients can be infected in hospital as the data show (5000 dead people for infections ).
d. There are 12 cases of Escherichia Coli hospitalized. This virus is an emerging cause of foodborne
illness. Its effects are diarrhea and sometimes kidney failure. It is associated with eating
undercooked food or contaminated ground meat.
e. One third of the world population dies for CJD in a year. The acronym stands for CreutzfeldtJakob disease, it is a rare and fatal neurodegenerative disease of unknown cause. The main effect is
progressive dementia and hits people between 50 and 75 years of age.
f. A risky form of tuberculosis has spread in London, therefore London clubs are likely to be closed.
g. Tourists have released microorganisms infecting and killing many other people.
h. A group of soldiers has been infected by a very rare virus which is caused by animals and
manifests with fever.
i. Escherichia Coli has infected cattle herds.
j. AIDS alarming rate in Great Britain.
4.6 Speaking (p. 36)
1. *What does AIDS stand for?
-It stands for Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
*What is the mortal rate of AIDS?
-In 2005 it was estimated that 2.4 to 3.3 million of people died of AIDS. Of these people more than
570,000 were children.
*Is AIDS common in the Western World?
-AIDS is much more spread in sub-Saharan Africa than in the Western World.
2. *What is Ebola?
-Ebola is a kind of hemorrhagic fever manifesting itself with general body pain, internal and
external bleeding.
*What is the mortal rate of Ebola?
-Mortality rates are generally high, ranging from 50% and 90%.
*Is Ebola common in the Western World?
-Ebola is very common in Congo.
3. *What is Hepatitis?
-Hepatitis is a liver disease classified in A,B,C,D,E.
*What is the mortal rate of Hepatitis?
-Hepatitis can be cured today, so 1% to 5% of infected people may die.
*Is Hepatitis common in the Western World?
-Hepatitis is common in the Western World, especially in the United States of America.
4. *What is Tubercolosis?
-It is commonly abbreviated as TB. It is an infectious disease which primarily affects the lungs.
*What is the mortal rate of tubercolosis?/ Is tuberculosis common in the Western World?
-In 2004 1.7 million people out of 8.9 million people infected died of tuberculosis mostly in
developing countries.
5. *What is Malaria?
-Malaria is an infectious disease which causes dangerous fever.
*What is the mortal rate of Malaria?
-1.3 million deaths a year.
*Is Malaria common in the Western World?
-It is widespread in many tropical areas-
EXERCISES
4.7 Reading comprehension (p. 37)
a. 3: 16 million.
b. 3: a treatment if found that manages to do both at the same time.
c. 2: millions of people will die before we become immune to the illness.
d. 1: true.
e. 1: the juxtaposition of animal species.
f. 2: very likely.
4.8 Vocabulary building (p. 37)
a. appalling
b. death toll
c. to reduce
d. to vanquish
e. unpredictable
f. widespread
g. overall
h. scourge
GRAMMAR PRACTICE
4.9 Gapfill (p. 38)
a. opens
b. will be/are going to be
c. isn’t attending
d. are arriving
e. will be
f. is the government going to do
g. are going to put
h. will help
4.10 Gapfill (p. 38)
1. opens
2. will help
3. will stay
4. is going to
5. will slow
6. will improve
7. will be
8. won’t be/isn’t
9. are going to develop
10. is going to put
EXERCISES
4.11 Matching (p. 40)
a. 2
b. 3
c. 8
d. 4
e. 6
f. 1
g. 7
h. 5
4.12 Reading comprehension (p. 40)
a. 70% of infected persons can develop chronic liver disease.
b. No, there isn’t.
c. It is very low.
d. Sharing needles for injecting drugs is the highest risk factor in hepatitis C infection.
e. Interferon and ribavirin are the most common treatment today.
f. No, hepatitis C has declined.
g. Illegal injection drug use and transfusion may have contributed to its decrease.
h. 2.7 million Americans are chronically infected.
GRAMMAR PRACTICE
4.13 Gapfill (p. 40)
1. many/ a lot of/ lots of
2. some
3. few
4. little
5. much
6. many
7. any
8. some/many
9. many
10. little
4.14 Gapfill (p. 41)
a. How much
b. How much
c. How many
d. How many
e. How much
f. How much
g. How many
h. How much
i. How many
ACTIVITIES
4.15 Listening comprehension (p. 41)
a. Most infectious diseases are caused by microorganisms that invade the body and multiply.
b. Invasion by microorganisms begins when they adhere to a person’s cells.
c. Adherence involves interdependent connections between the human cell and the organism.
d. The microorganisms can spread to distant sites depending on the fact that they produce toxins,
enzymes or other substances.
e. Toxins are poisons that affect nearby or distant cells.
f. They cause disease.
g. Tetanus, toxic shocks and cholera.
h. They overwhelm the body’s defences and can lead to death.
i. The second possibility is a state of balance producing a chronic effect. The third possibility is the
elimination of the microorganism and recovery.
j. Some bacteria can block the production of antibodies, others can block the development of white
blood cells and others resist the effect of antibiotics.
4.16 Speaking (p. 42)
Black Death (bubonic plague)
-When did the Black Death spread? It spread between 1346 and 1350.
- How many people died of Black Death in Europe? 25 million people.
- How many people died of Black Death England? 1/3 of the four million people.
Smallpox
-Which was the annual incidence of smallpox between 1685 and 1801? The highest incidence was
2,355 per 100,000 population.
- How many people died of smallpox in the late 1830s? 42,000 people.
Victorian England
- Which other epidemics was the Victorian period hit by? It as hit by diphteris, typhoid, cholera,
tuberculosis.
- How could the epidemics be controlled? With a series of sanitary reforms.