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TIMELINE | 900 to 1700 | ITALY
Date
965 A.D.
Country | Description
Italy
The Arab conquest of Sicily is complete with the fall of Rometta, the last
Byzantine stronghold.
1002 A.D.
Italy
The reign of Henry II (1002–24) sees the establishment of a feudal
system, particularly in Northern Italy, which will leave a lasting mark on
Italy’s social and economic make-up.
1009 A.D.
Italy
The first Normans arrive in Southern Italy.
1059 A.D.
Italy
The Council of the Lateran reorganises the Church. The Pope makes Robert
Guiscard (1059–85) Duke of Puglia and Calabria. It is the first
acknowledgement of Norman domination of Southern Italy.
1061 A.D.
Italy
Roger I of Hautville (1072–1101) begins the conquest of Sicily against the
Arabs, which is completed in 1091.
1062 A.D.
Italy
The Muslim fleet is defeated by the Pisans at Palermo.
1130 A.D.
Italy
Roger II, governor of Sicily since 1112, is crowned King of Sicily and reigns
until 1154.
1143 A.D.
Italy
The Commune of Rome is born, an expression of the nascent communal
civility that will have a profound effect on Italian cultural identity.
1154 A.D.
Italy
Frederick Barbarossa (1123–90) arrives in Italy to side with the Pope
against the Commune of Rome and the Normans. In the same year,
Barbarossa is crowned King of Italy in Pavia.
1202 A.D.
Italy
The Fourth Crusade, which will last until 1204, leaves from Venice.
1210 A.D.
Italy
Saint Francis of Assisi writes his Rule, inspired by the principles of poverty,
errant preaching and Christian charity. Frederick II (1211–50), already
King of Sicily, is crowned emperor.
1236 A.D.
Italy
The first seigniories are formed, in Milan under Filippo della Torre, in
Ferrara with Obizzo d’Este and in Mantova with the Gonzaga family.
1250 A.D.
Italy
Death of Frederick II.
1258 A.D.
Italy
Manfred, son of Frederick II, becomes King of Sicily (1258–66).
1271 A.D.
Italy
Marco Polo, son of a Venetian merchant, departs for China with his father
Nicolò and uncle Matteo. He is one of the first Westerners to reach China.
1280 A.D.
Italy
The Guelphs and Ghibellines, supporters of the Papacy and the Emperor
respectively, clash in Florence.
1282 A.D.
Italy
Revolt of the Sicilian Vespers against Sicily’s French Angevin rulers. Aragon
emerges victorious in Sicily, which is separated politically from Southern
Italy.
1302 A.D.
Italy
Frederick of Aragon (1302–37) is proclaimed King of Sicily.
1303 A.D.
Italy
Pope Boniface VIII (1295–1303), in conflict with the French for political
reasons, is arrested by the French, but immediately released following a
popular uprising.
1307 A.D.
Italy
Dante Alighieri begins his masterpiece of universal literature, the Divine
Comedy, completed in 1313.
1309 A.D.
Italy
Start of the Avignon Papacy: under the direct influence of the King of
France, the popes set up the papal residence in Avignon.
1377 A.D.
Italy
The papal residence moved back to Rome from Avignon during the
pontificate of Gregory XI (1370–8).
1378 A.D.
Italy
Beginning of the Western Schism, which will divide the Christian Church
and see two different popes on the papal seat.
1452 A.D.
Italy
Birth of Leonardo da Vinci, artist, scientist and inventor who will enrich
Italian culture with works of great renown, such as the Mona Lisa and Lady
with an Ermine.
1469 A.D.
Italy
Lorenzo de’Medici the Magnificent (1469–92) rules Florence. Under his
control, Florence becomes the driving force behind Italian art.
1485 A.D.
Italy
Pico della Mirandola (1463–94) writes Oration on the Dignity of Man, an
expression of the new Renaissance humanist culture that exalted man’s
dignity and right to self-determination.
1492 A.D.
Italy
Christopher Columbus discovers America. Lorenzo de’Medici dies.
1501 A.D.
Italy
Michelangelo Buonarroti starts work on David, a masterpiece of the
Renaissance. The work, conceived as a symbol of the Florentine Republic,
is completed in 1504.
1506 A.D.
Italy
Bramante begins construction of the new Basilica of Saint Peter.
1527 A.D.
Italy
Sack of Rome: the imperial forces of Charles V (1520–56) made up of
mercenaries (lanzichenecchi) sack Rome. This event is considered to mark
the end of the Renaissance.
1541 A.D.
Italy
Michelangelo finishes the fresco Last Judgement in the Sistine Chapel.
1545 A.D.
Italy
The Council of Trent begins, to end in 1563. The Council marks the
beginning of the Counter-Reformation.
1600 A.D.
Italy
Giordano Bruno, philosopher and theologian, is burned at the stake in
Rome, condemned by the Church for heresy. His death marks one of the
darkest and tragic moments of the Counter-Reformation.
1610 A.D.
Italy
Galileo Galilei finishes his telescope and publishes Starry Messenger,
prompting scientific reflection that plunges the Church’s thinking on the
universe into crisis for the first time.
1633 A.D.
Italy
Galileo is tried by the Inquisition for his scientific theories.