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Around the World in Not Quite Eighty Days WHAP/Napp Do Now: “By 1500 European traders had established a permanent connection between the eastern and western hemispheres for the first time, following Columbus’ voyages across the Atlantic and Magellan’s circumnavigation of the world. Inspired by the early explorations of Prince Henry the Navigator around the west coast of Africa, Portuguese sailors rounded the Cape of Good Hope and opened new routes into the Indian Ocean. These explorations followed centuries of western European economic expansion, national consolidation, and intellectual renaissance. Explorers were motivated by their mixed desire for knowledge, profit, national aggrandizement, and Christian proselytizing. However, one inhabited continent remained unmapped. Europeans had touched the northern and western coasts of Australia, but without gaining a clear idea of the continent’s size, shape, or character. Australia is part of a region that is referred to as Oceania. Oceania includes the lands of the central and South Pacific including Micronesia, Melanesia, Polynesia (including New Zealand), often Australia, and sometimes the Malay Archipelago. In 1642 the Dutch East India Company commissioned Abel Tasman, a Dutch navigator, to explore the continent. On two voyages, Tasman circumnavigated Australia without actually exploring it. In the process, he also discovered the island later named Tasmania. In 1768, the British government commissioned James Cook (1728-79) to carry out astronomical observations in Tahiti as well as to explore the south Pacific in search of a Great Southern Continent which had been rumored to exist, but whose existence was not proved. He sailed on the Endeavour, a sturdy 368 ton, 98 feet long ship, of the sort used to carry coal. He took along with him the young scientist Joseph Banks, who made vast contributions to botany and zoology on the basis of his findings on this voyage. Indeed because of Banks’ discoveries, one of the most important harbors in southeast Australia was named Botany Bay. Cook charted the coasts of New Zealand and explored the eastern coast of Australia, but he found no other continent. His voyage of two years and eleven months became the second circumnavigation of the earth. On a second, even more adventuresome voyage, 1772-5, Cook saw the mist, fogs, and icebergs of the Antarctic Ocean, but never landed on or even saw the continent, although he reached within 75 miles of its coast. With these major oceanic adventures, and others, the main contours of the world’s oceans and landmasses became known, and, at least geographically speaking, all humanity had come to live in a single, interconnected world.” ~ The World’s History 1- What had European traders established by 1500? ________________________________________________________________________ 2- Why were early European explorers inspired? ________________________________________________________________________ 3- What inhabited continent remained unmapped in the early years of exploration? ________________________________________________________________________ 4- Define Oceania. ________________________________________________________________________ 5- Who was Abel Tasman? How did he change European understanding of the region? ________________________________________________________________________ 6- Who was James Cook? How did he change European understanding of the region? ________________________________________________________________________ I. Portugal A. Led exploration: strategically situated near the coast of Africa, and led by a royal family that supported exploration (Prince Henry the Navigator) B. 1488: Bartholomew Dias rounded tip of Africa (now known as Cape of Good Hope) C. In 1498, Vasco da Gama circumnavigated Africa and arrived in India II. Spain A. Shortly thereafter, Spain, recently unified under Isabella and Ferdinand, financed Columbus in1492…the plan – a voyage to the east by going west B. Columbus’ error: thought India and China were located where Americas were III. Treaty of Tordesillas A. By 1494, Portugal and Spain were already fighting over land B. Treaty of Tordesillas established a line of demarcation on a longitudinal (northsouth) line that runs through western Atlantic Ocean C. Everything to east = Portugal - To west = Spain IV. More Competition A. Soon, England, Netherlands, and France launched their own expeditions B. Cost and risk associated with these expeditions made it necessary for explorers to rely on backing of strong and wealthy states C. Colonialism and expansion of trade routes contributed to rise of nationalism V. Other Explorers A. Amerigo Vespucci: explored South America and realized continent not part of Asia B. Ferdinand Magellan: In 1519, crew continued after he was killed in Philippines and became first European crew to circumnavigate the globe C. Henry Hudson: In 1609, sailed for Dutch looking for a northwest passage to Asia; explored Hudson River VI. Technologies for Exploration A. Sternpost rudder (invented in China during the Han Dynasty) B. Lateen Sails (allowed ships to sail in any direction regardless of wind) C. Astrolabe (portable navigation device that helped determine latitude) D. Magnetic Compass (borrowed from Chinese, through trade with Arabs) E. Inventions converged on one continent (Europe) largely through trade F. Europe: fiercely competitive about trade routes, newly wealthy, increasingly organized under strong leaders, and imagination of Renaissance VII. Yet Conflict in Europe A. Dutch: successful in the competition with Iberian peninsula…had an efficient merchant ship (the flyboat)…challenged Portuguese control in East Indies B. But Netherlands became entangled in a series of wars with France and England, and lacked manpower and resources to compete…also small nation C. England and France became supreme in commercial rivalry of 1700s D. Seven Years’ War began in America (Americans called it French and Indian Wars) but soon spread to Europe: British won North America and India E. Deciding factor in the colonies was superior strength of the British navy VIII. Summary A. Changes in Western Europe affected all classes, but none so profoundly as bourgeoisie (middle classes…capitalist classes) 1. A new class of merchants, ship-builders, tradesmen and others appeared 1- Why did Portugal lead Europe during the Age of European Exploration? ________________________________________________________________________ 2- How did Prince Henry the Navigator encourage overseas exploration? ________________________________________________________________________ 3- Identify the most significant accomplishment of Bartholomew Dias. ________________________________________________________________________ 4- Identify the most significant accomplishment of Vasco da Gama. ________________________________________________________________________ 5- What event led to the unification of Spain? ________________________________________________________________________ 6- Why was Spain willing to finance Columbus? ________________________________________________________________________ 7- What was Columbus’ plan for exploration? ________________________________________________________________________ 8- Why was the Treaty of Tordesillas created? ________________________________________________________________________ 9- What lands were given to Portugal and to Spain under the Treaty of Tordesillas? ________________________________________________________________________ 10- Why did England, the Netherlands, and France begin to explore? ________________________________________________________________________ 11- What did explorers often need in order to realize their journeys? ________________________________________________________________________ 12- Thus, what did colonialism and expansion of trade routes lead to? ________________________________________________________________________ 13- Identify one accomplishment of Amerigo Vespucci. ________________________________________________________________________ 14- Identify one accomplishment of Magellan’s crew. ________________________________________________________________________ 15- Identify one goal of Henry Hudson. ________________________________________________________________________ 16- What technologies from Asia made European exploration possible? ________________________________________________________________________ 17- Why were lateen sails significant for explorers? ________________________________________________________________________ 18- What factors increased European chances of success during exploration? ________________________________________________________________________ 19- Why were the Dutch able to challenge the Portuguese in the Indian Ocean? ________________________________________________________________________ 20- Yet why were the Dutch ultimately outmatched by the British and French? ________________________________________________________________________ 21- What Western European nations were supreme in overseas rivalry in the 1700s? ________________________________________________________________________ 22- What was the outcome of the Seven Years’ War? ________________________________________________________________________ 23- What social class was most affected by the European Age of Exploration? Why? ________________________________________________________________________ 1. Which of the following established a line of demarcation separating Spanish and Portuguese claims in the New World? (A) Treaty of Versailles (B) Edict of Nantes (C) Treaty of Westphalia (D) Treaty of Tordesillas (E) Luther’s 95 Theses 2. Which European power won the colony of Indonesia away from the Portuguese in the seventeenth century? (A) England (B) Spain (C) France (D) Netherlands (E) Italy 3. Which colony was claimed by Spain as a result of Ferdinand Magellan’s circumnavigation of the globe in 1519-1521? (A) Madagascar (B) Hispaniola (C) Mexico (D) The Philippines (E) Canary Islands 4. Which event outside the West contributed to creating an opening for the West to move to the core of a global maritime trade network? (A) Ming reversal of treasure ship voyages in 1433 (B) Fall of the Byzantine Empire after the Ottoman sacking of Constantinople in 1453 (C) Mongol destruction of Abbasid power in 1253 (D) Collapse of Mongol power in the mid-fifteenth century (E) All of the above 5. Which of the following can be characterized as outside the world network of trade in 1450? (A) Ireland (B) Scandinavia (C) East Africa (D) Mesoamerica (E) The Philippines 6. Which is an example of a new disease Europeans were exposed to as a result of interaction with the peoples of the New World? (A) Measles (B) Mumps (C) Smallpox (D) Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) (E) Syphilis Thesis Practice: Comparative Analyze similarities and differences in methods, goals, and outcomes of Chinese and European explorers during their respective years of overseas exploration. ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________