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Chapter 11
Fresh Water
Chap 11, Sec 1 (The Water Cycle)
Objectives:
1. How is Earth’s water distributed among
saltwater and freshwater sources?
2. How does Earth’s water move through the
water cycle?
3. How do people and other living things use
water?
Tech Terms:
1. water vapor – the gaseous form of water
2. groundwater – water that has filled the
cracks and spaces in underground soil and
rock layers.
3. water cycle – the continuous process of
water movement through living and nonliving parts of the environment.
4. evaporation – the process when a liquid
absorbs enough energy to change into a
gas.
5. transpiration – the giving off of water in the
form of a gas through a plant’s leaves.
6. precipitation – water that falls to the Earth
as rain, snow, hail, or sleet.
7. percolation – when water seeps into the
horizons of the soil.
 97% of Earth’s total water is salt water,
3% is fresh water.
 In addition to household purposes, people
use water for agriculture, industry,
transportation, and recreation.
Chapter 11
Fresh Water
Chap 11, Sec 2 (Water on the Surface)
Objectives:
1. Describe a river system and how water
flows into it.
Tech Terms:
1. tributaries – smaller streams and rivers that
feed into a main river.
2. watershed – (aka drainage basin) the land
area that supplies water to a river system.
3. divide – ridge of land, separating
neighboring watersheds.
 A river and its tributaries together make
up a river system.
Chapter 11
Fresh Water
Chap 11, Sec 3 (Water Underground)
Objectives:
1. How does water move through underground
layers of soil and rock?
2. How do people obtain water from an
aquifer?
Tech Terms:
1. pores – tiny openings in and between
particles of rock and soil that may contain air
or water.
2. permeable – characteristic of materials such
as sand and gravel, water is ABLE to pass
easily through them.
3. impermeable – characteristic of materials
such as clay and granite, water is
UNABLE to easily pass through them.
4. saturated zone – a layer of permeable rock
or soil in which the cracks and pores are
completely filled with water.
5. water table – The dividing line between the
unsaturated zone and the saturated zone.
6. unsaturated zone – a layer of rocks and soil
above the water table in which the pores
contain air as well as water.
7. aquifer – located in the saturated zone…an
underground layer of rock or soil that holds
water.
8. spring – a place where groundwater bubbles
or flows out of cracks in the rocks.
9. recharge zone – an area located above
ground where new water can seep into the
ground and replenish an aquifer.
10. artesian well – a well in which water rises
because of pressure within the aquifer.
 People can obtain groundwater from an
aquifer by drilling a well, below the water
table.