Download Pre-AP WOrld History.17

Pre-AP World History 17
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Chapter 17: Transformation of the West
I.
The 1st Big Change: Culture and Commerce
A. Italian Renaissance
1. Italy: 14th-15th centuries
A. Art movement (challenges medieval)
B. W exploration and expansion
2. Italy more advanced in urban commercial economy and city-state politics
3. Emphasis on secular topics: lore and pride
4. Art focused on realism and humanism
A. Leonardo da Vinci = Mona Lisa, Last Supper, Virtuvian Man
B. Michelangelo = Pieta, David, Sistene Chapel
C. Nicolo Machiavelli = The Prince
D. Catiglione = The Book of the Courtier
5. Emphasis on humanism
A. Focus on humankind as center of intellectual and artistic endeavor
1. Does not attack religion, but doesn’t glorify it
B. Revival of Greek and Latin texts and thoughts
6. Improvement in commerce and banking techniques
A. Strongest emphasis on profit-making
7. More active role of city-state leaders
A. Justify position based on greatest good provided to city-state
B. Sponsored cultural activities
C. Improved administration and economy of city-state
D. Develop standing armies and tactics of diplomacy
B. Renaissance moves northward
1. Italian Renaissance declines by 1500
A. Invasion by French and Spanish monarchs
B. Trans-Atlantic trade routes surpass Mediterranean trade
2. Northern Renaissance = focused on France, Germany, England, Netherlands,
Poland, Hungary begin after 1450
A. Emphasis on religion
1. Shakespeare in England and Cervantes in Spain
B. Stronger emphasis towards consolidated state power
1. Patronize arts, sponsor trading companies
C. Changes in Technology and Family
1. 15th century: Johannes Gutenberg introduces moveable type based upon
earlier Chinese model
A. Greater spread of books  increased literacy rates
2. European-style family = late marriage age, primary emphasis on nuclear
family; limited birth rates
D. Protestant and Catholic Reforms
1. 1517: Martin Luther = German monk: October 31, 1517 95 Theses at
Wittenberg
A. Indulgences = grants of salvation for money
B. Salvation through faith alone
1. No need for Church sacraments
C. Marriage for priest
D. Challenge authority of pope
E. Vernacular bible
2. Protestantism = general wave of religious dissent; state-control of church as
alternate to pope
3. Leads to other forms of Protestantism
A. Henry VIII establishes Anglican church
1. Created to challenge divorce
4. Jean Calvin = Calvinism
A. Predestination of those to be saved
1. Participation of all believers in church administration
2. Promotes popular education
3. Switzerland, Germany, and France (Huguenots)
A. Puritanism in England and America
5. Catholic Reformation = attempt by Catholics to refute doctrines of
Protestantism while reviving Catholic ideology
A. C Europe = Germany, Poland, Austria, Hungary
B. Jesuits = new religious order founded by St. Ignatius
1. Politics, education, missionary work
E. End of Christian Unity
1. Late 16th century: outbreak of religious war between Catholics and Calvinists
in Europe
A. 1598: Edict of Nantes = brings end to religious disputes by granting
tolerance of Protestantism
2. 1618: 30 Years’ War = German protestants versus Holy Roman empire and
Spain
3. 1648: Treaty of Westphalia = agreed to territorial tolerance, princes choose
religion for region
4. 1640s English Civil War = results in new line of English king
A. Limited tolerance of Protestant religions
F.
The Commercial Revolution
1. Rapid Increase in levels of European trade
2. 16th century: price inflation throughout Europe
A. Influx of gold/silver through Spanish-American colonies
B. Leads to increased numbers of Europeans taking on loans
3. Rise on quality of living for peasants and middle class
A. Beds, silverware, wine, cheese, etc.
G. Social Protest
1. Proletariat = people without access to wealth-producing property
A. Displaced farmers seek manufacturing work or paid farm work on
larger estates
1. Leads to growth of cities
A. Increase of amount of poor people in European cities
1. Blamed for moral failings of society
B. 1600s: social uprisings by lower classes breakout in Europe
1. Seek political and economic rights
2. Witchcraft Persecutions = 60,000 - 100,000 suspected witches accused and
killed in New England
II.
Science and Politics: Next Phase of Change
A. Did Copernicus Copy?
1. Scientific Revolutions = 17th century period of empirical advances associated
with development of wider theoretical generalizations
A. Affects formal intellectual life while changing popular outlook
2. Copernicus = 16th century Polish monk; discovered planets revolve around
sun; not earth (heliocentric v. geocentric)
A. Proved belief of ancient Greeks using mathematics
1. Already believed by Muslims, Chinese, Mayans, Indians
B. Science: New Authority
1. Johannes Kopler = builds on astronomical data of Copernicus
2. Introduction of microscopes/improved telescopes in Europe
3. Galileo = Italian scientist, publishes work of Copernicus while building on them
A. Condemned by Catholic church
4. John Harvey = English physician, demonstrated circular movement of blood in
animals, identifies heart as central pumping station
5. Francis Bacon = English scientist, careful empirical research
6. Rene Descartes = French scientist, author, philosopher, skeptical review of all
received wisdom
A. Believed human reason could develop laws that would explain
fundamental workings of nature
1. Discourse oh the Method of Rightly Conducting the Reason
7. 1687: Isaac Newton publishes Principia Mathmatica
A. Draws on astronomical and physical observations of previous scientists;
sets forth basic principle for all motion; gravity
8. Ideas of scientific revolution spread quickly in W Europe
A. Scientific institutes
B. Governments take active role in disseminating new information
9. Approaches to medicine and doctors
10. Scientific revolution produces new thoughts on God and religion
A. Deism = belief that although there might be a divine figure, it simple
set things in motion
1. “watchmaker”
B. John Locke = English philosopher/author; argued that people could
learn everything that needed to know through senses and reason
1. Essay Concerning Human Understanding
2. Two Treaties in Government
A. Influential in Declaration of Independence
3. Opposed by Catholic Church
C. Absolute and Parliamentary Monarchies
1. 17th century: end of feudal monarchies in Europe
2. Rise in Absolute monarchies = governments where monarchs passed laws
without parliaments, appoints professional armies/bureaucracies, establish
state churches; state economies, policies
A. France provides first European example
1. Strengthen power of monarchy while weakening parliament
2. Increased tax revenues
3. Use military strength to attack powerful feudal lords
4. Establish bureaucracy of merchants, lawyers, and priests
5. Establish professionally trained standing army
B. King Louis XIV = “I am the State”
1. Palace at Versailles
2. Mercantilism to French economy
C. Imitated by Habsburgs in Prussia (E Germany) and later in Spain as well
1. Rulers of Holy Roman empire
3. Britain and Netherlands build parliamentary monarchies
A. Monarchies where power is shared with parliamentary body
B. Belief that true power rested in the people, no the monarchy
D. The Nation-State
1. Encompass people of common culture and language
2. Viewed by people as necessary to protect the rights of the people
3. Active in promoting mercantilism
III. The West by 1750
A. Political Patterns
1. Weakening of absolute monarchy in France
2. Power struggles by parties within parliamentary nation-states
3. Frederick the Great = king of Prussia
A. Introduces expanded freedom of religion
B. Actively encourages improved agriculture
C. Actively coordinates commercial equality
1. “Enlightened despotism” = greatest good for greatest number
of people
4. Increased warfare among nation-states
A. 7 years’ war = France and Britain (1756-1763)
B. Recurrent wars between Austria and Prussia
B. Enlightened Thought and Popular Culture
1. Enlightenment = intellectual movement starting in France and spreading
throughout “western world”
A. Continue to support scientific achievements
1. Advances in chemistry and biology
B. Application of scientific methods to study of human society
1. Rational laws could describe social as well as physical
behavior
2. Knowledge could be used to improve society and government
C. New ideas about crime and rehabilitation
D. New ideas about constitutions, rights, and privileges
1. Declaration of Independence, U.S. Constitution
E. Human beings by nature are good and capable of improvement
1. Can be educated
F.
Reason as key truth
G. Religions that rely on blind faith or refuse to tolerate diversity are wrong
H. Progress is not only possible, but inevitable
I.
Society’s goal should be to improve material social life
1. Seen as direct attack on Catholic Church
2. Adam Smith = Scottish economist/philosopher
A. Wealth of Nations
1. People act according to self-interest
2. Competition promotes economic
advancement
3. “Laissez-faire”
3. Denis Diderot = Encyclopedia
A. Compilation of scientific and social knowledge
4. Mary Wollstonecraft = English Enlightenment thinker
A. Argued against male-centered views of Enlightenment
B. Political rights and freedoms should be extended to
women
1. Vindication of the Rights of Women
5. Rise in salons and coffeehouses
A. Places of “enlightened discussion”
C. Ongoing Change in Commerce and Manufacturing
1. Growing importance of European overseas colonies
A. Sugar, coffee, tea, tobacco
2. Growth in paid professional entertainment
A. Circuses, carnivals, festivals, etc.
3. Agricultural development
A. Nitrate fertilizers, seed-drills, swamp draining, etc.
B. 17th century: spread of potato throughout Europe
4. Rise in capitalism
A. Investments and profits
B. Steps towards industrial revolution
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IV.
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V.