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Chapter 6 the Duel for North America
St.
Edict of Nantes King Louis
Bartholomew’s
XIV
Day Massacre
Jesuits
Robert De La
King Williams
Salle
War
The war of
Ohio Valley
Fort Duquesne
Jenkins’s Ear
“Join of Die”
General
“Buckskins”
Braddock
Disunity
Pontiac’s
Daniel Boone
Uprising
Samuel de
Champlain
Beaver
Queen Anne’s
War
French and
Indian war
William Pitt
Treaty of
Utrecht 1713
Inter-colonial
Congress
Battle of
Quebec
The
Proclamation of
1763
From 1688 to 1763 four bitter wars convulsed Europe. All four of those conflicts were
world wars.
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War of the League of Augsburg 1688-1697 -- The war was fought to resist
French expansionism along the Rhine, as well as, on the part of England, to
safeguard the results of the Glorious Revolution from a possible French-backed
restoration of James II of England. The North American theatre of the war,
fought between English and French colonists, is known in the United States
as King William's War.
War of Spanish Succession 1701-1713-- The War of the Spanish Succession
(1701-1714) was a major European conflict that arose in 1701 after the death of
the last Spanish Habsburg king, Charles II. Charles had bequeathed all of his
possessions to Philip, duc d'Anjou - a grandson of the French King Louis XIV who thereby became Philip V of Spain. The war began slowly, as the Holy
Roman Emperor Leopold I fought to protect his own dynasty's claim to the
Spanish inheritance. As Louis XIV began to expand his territories more
aggressively, however, other European nations (chiefly England and the Dutch
Republic) entered on the Holy Roman Empire's side to check French expansion
(and, in the English case, to safeguard the Protestant succession). Other states
joined the coalition opposing France and Spain in an attempt to acquire new
territories, or to protect existing dominions. The war was fought not only in
Europe, but also in North America, where the conflict became known to the
English colonists as Queen Anne's War.
War of Austrian Succession 1740-1748-- The War of the Austrian Succession
(1740–1748) became inevitable after Maria Theresa of Austria had succeeded her
father Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor in his Habsburg dominions in 1740,
namely becoming Queen of Hungary and Bohemia, Archduchess of Austria, and
Duchess of Parma, Piacenza, and Guastalla. For a woman to inherit such vast
territories involved many complications, which were perceived long before, and
Emperor Charles VI had long anticipated them, getting all the other powers to
agree to the Pragmatic Sanction of 1713. The plan was for her to succeed to the
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hereditary Habsburg domains, and her husband, Francis I, Duke of Lorraine, to be
elected Holy Roman Emperor.Hostilities began when King Frederick II of
Prussia, having not himself agreed to the Pragmatic Sanction, invaded Silesia,
using some unsettled dynastic claims as a pretext. Maria Theresa, as a woman,
was perceived as weak, and some other princes (such as Charles Albert of
Bavaria) alleged rights to the crown. They ended with the Treaty of Aix-laChapelle in 1748. After 1741 nearly all the powers of Europe were involved in the
struggle, but the most enduring military interest of the war lies in the struggle of
Prussia and Austria for Silesia. Southwest Germany, the Low Countries and Italy
were, as usual, the battle-grounds of France and Austria. The constant allies of
France and Prussia were Spain and Bavaria. Various other powers joined them at
intervals. The cause of Austria was supported almost as a matter of course by the
Great Britain and by the Netherlands, the traditional enemies of France. Of
Austria's allies from time to time, Sardinia and Saxony were the most important.
Seven Years’ war 1756-1763 The Seven Years' War (1754 and 1756–1763),
some of the theatres of which are called the Pomeranian War and the French
and Indian War was a war in the mid-18th century that enveloped both
European and colonial theatres. The war was described by Winston Churchill as
the first world war[1], as it was the first conflict in human history to be fought
around the globe, though all of the combatants were either European nations or
their overseas colonies. The war involved all major powers of Europe: Prussia,
Great Britain (with British Colonies in North America, the British East India
Company, and Ireland), and Hanover were pitted against Austria, France (with
New France and the French East India Company), the Russian Empire, Sweden,
and Saxony. Spain and Portugal were later drawn into the conflict, while a force
from the neutral United Provinces of the Netherlands was attacked in India.The
most tangible outcome of the war was the end of France’s power in the Americas
(having only French Guiana, Saint-Domingue, and Saint Pierre and Miquelon left
to them) and the emergence of Great Britain as the dominant colonial power in the
world. More importantly, France's navy would never again be at near equal terms
with the British Royal Navy and the British East India Company acquired the
strongest position within India, which was to become the "jewel in the imperial
crown".
France was anther late comer to the New World .
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Foreign Wars
The French Revolution
Religious Conflicts
St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre 1572 -- The St. Bartholomew's Day massacre
(Massacre de la Saint-Barthélemy in French) was a wave of Catholic mob violence
against the Huguenots (French Protestants), traditionally believed to have been instigated
by Catherine de Medici, the mother of Charles IX. Starting on August 24, 1572, with the
murder of a prominent Huguenot, Admiral Gaspard de Coligny, the massacres spread
throughout Paris, and later to other cities and the countryside, lasting for several months.
The exact number of fatalities will never be known, but several thousand, possibly tens of
thousands, of Huguenots died in the violence. Though by no means unique, "it was the
worst of the century's religious massacres." [1] The massacres marked a turning-point in
the French Wars of Religion by radicalising the Huguenot faction. Over 10,000
huguenots were cutchered in cold blood
Edict of Nantes 1598 -- issued by Henry IV. It granted limited toleration to French
Protestants. Religious wars are reduced in numbers.
King Louis XIV – 1643-1715 – Inherited the thrown when he was five had a chief
minister run things until he was 18. Known as the Sun King (Sun was the symbol of
absolute power). Really interested in overseas colonies. In 1608 permanent settlements
could be found in Quebec.
Samuel de Champlain – Before founding New France, Champlain had served as a
captain in the Spanish navy in the Caribbean and had written a book containing the first
proposal for a canal across the Isthmus of Panama. His first French colony was
established in Acadia (Nova Scotia). When the struggling colonists there became
depressed during the harsh winter, Champlain organized an “Order of Good Cheer” that
required the settlers to provide food and entertainment for each other several nights a
week. The Acadia settlement was abandoned in 1607, and a year later Champlain
established Quebec. The new colony numbered only about 100 people during its first
twenty years. After 1627 about three hundred settlers a year immigrated to New France.
Friends with the Huron Tribes. Quote: “It was impossible to know this country
without having wintered here, for on arriving in summer everything is very pleasant
owing to the wooks, the fair landscape, the good fishing…but winter in this country
lasts six months!” (1610) Reference William Jay Jacobs, Champlain (1994)
The government of New France was fully under the King’s control. The colony grew at
very slow pace, especially compared to the English colonies. Peasants in France owned
land, and protestant Huguenots were not allowed to take refuge in the New World. The
French paid more attention to the Caribbean islands
Beaver – Important resource in New France. Beaver pelts for European fashion. The
French trappers traveled throughout the Western North American Continent (See page
108). Recruited Indians to help with the trade, problems with beliefs. The process they
all but extinguished the beaver population in many areas, inflicting incalculable
ecological damage.
Jesuits – French Catholic missionaries worked to save the Indians for Christ and from the
fur trappers. Also played a role in exploration.
Robert De La Salle – Born to a wealthy French family, La Salle, who became the
greatest of the French-Canadian explorers, immigrated to New France at age 23.
Learning of the Ohio River from the Indians, he becomes convinced that it led to China.
Subsequently, so often did he talk about going to China that his neighbors called his
estate Le Chine (“China”) Selling his estate to get funds for an expedition south from
New France, La Salle next enlisted the support of King Louis XIV. After La Salle’s
venture bogged down on the Illinois River he walked the thousand miles back to Canada
to get new supplies and start over. He discovered the mouth of the Mississippi in 1682.
He named the great interior Basin “Louisiana” In 1684 Louis XIV sent La Salle back
across the Atlantic to drive out the Spanish and establish a permanent settlement. But
despite months of searching, he could not find the mouth of the river again. His
desperate party landed instead in Texas, where La Salle was murdered by his mutinous
men 1687.
Protected interests from the Spanish and the English, so they built forts and trading posts
King Williams War -- The first of the French and Indian Wars, King William's War
(1689–1697), was the North American theater of the War of the Grand Alliance (1688–
1697) fought principally in Europe between the armies of France under Louis XIV and
those of a coalition of European powers including England.
King William's War started when William III of England joined the League of Augsburg
against France. The war saw attacks by France and its Indian allies on English frontier
settlements, most notably the Schenectady Massacre of 1690. The English failed to seize
Quebec City, and the French commander there attacked the British-held coast. The Treaty
of Ryswick in 1697 was supposed to end the war, but peace did not last long, and shortly
the colonies were embroiled in the next of the French and Indian Wars, Queen Anne's
War (1702–1713).
Both sides recruited Native Americans to help in the fight. Spain will side with the
French.
Queen Anne’s War -- Queen Anne's War (1702–1713) was the second in a series of
four French and Indian Wars fought between France and Great Britain in North America
for control of the continent and was the counterpart of War of the Spanish Succession in
Europe.
Early in the war, the English captured Spanish-held St. Augustine, Florida, in 1702.
English military aid to the colonists was largely ineffective or deflected in defense of the
areas around Charleston, South Carolina, and the New York–New England frontier with
the Canadian territories. French forces and allied indigenous tribes attacked New England
from Canada, destroying Deerfield, Massachusetts, in 1704. The Apalachee, the Spanish,
and Catholicism were erased from Florida in what became known as the Apalachee
Massacre.
Following the capture of French-held Port Royal in 1710, Acadia became the British1
province of Nova Scotia. By 1712 an armistice was declared. Under terms spelled out in
the Treaty of Utrecht (1713), Britain gained Newfoundland, the Hudson Bay region, and
the Caribbean island of St. Kitts. The peace lasted until the next of the French and Indian
Wars, King George's War in 1744.
The British conquest of Acadia would ultimately bring severe consequences for its
French inhabitants. In 1755, during the French and Indian War, many would be expelled
from the colony. Some would eventually make their way to Louisiana. The Iroquois
League remained neutral in this war.
In 1707, England and Scotland were unified as the Kingdom of Great Britain, sharing a
single Parliament at Westminster under the Act of Union 1707. After this, Scottish troops
joined their English counterparts in the war.
Treaty of Utrecht 1713 – Britain was rewarded with French populated Acadia (Nova
Scotia), Hudson Bay, Newfoundland. Won limited trading rights in Spanish America
During this time Britain is more worried about war than about the colonies. – Seeds of
impendence are planted.
The war of Jenkins’s Ear -- The War of Jenkins' Ear was a conflict between Great
Britain and Spain that lasted from 1739 to 1748. After 1742 it merged into the larger War
of the Austrian Succession (King Goerge’s War in America). Under the 1729 Treaty of
Seville, the British had agreed not to trade with the Spanish colonies. To verify the treaty,
the Spanish were permitted to board British vessels in Spanish waters. After one such
incident in 1731, Robert Jenkins, captain of the ship Rebecca, claimed that the Spanish
coast guard had severed his ear, and in 1738 exhibited it to the House of Commons —
hence the name of the conflict. It was confined to the Caribbean Sea and to the muchbuffeted buffer colony of Georgia. France allied itself with Spain. (New Englanders
invaded New France)
Ohio Valley – Became the Chief bone of contention between the French and the English.
This area is critical to the Colonies expansion. Fro France it is key to maintaining the
continent, where they had numerous fur trading centers, also for linking their Canadian
holdings with those of the lower Mississippi Valley.
Families from Virginia start settling, as speculators into Ohio Valley, very shaking legal
rights to this reason. One such family is the Washington family. The French were in
the process of erecting a chain of forts commanding the strategic Ohio River.
Fort Duquesne – A fort at the pivotal point where Monongahela and the Allegheny
Rivers join the Ohio (Pittsburgh Today). George Washington and 150 militia men were
sent to secure the families holdings. About 40 miles outside of the Fort the Virginians
fire the first shot – the French retreated to the fort and then returned with reinforcements
forcing Washington to Surrender on July 4th 1754.
French and Indian war – The first three Anglo-French colonial wars had all started in
Europe, but the tables were now reversed. The French and Indian War was the nine-year
North American chapter of the Seven Years' War. The conflict resulted in the British
acquiring Canada, while Spain gained Louisiana (New France) in compensation for its
loss of Florida to the British. French administrative presence in North America was
almost completely removed and the Aboriginal people of North America were decimated,
pacified, or moved farther west.
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Using trading posts and forts, both the British and the French claimed the vast
territory between the Appalachians and the Mississippi river, from the Great
Lakes to the Gulf of Mexico, known as the Ohio Country.
Both European countries ignored Native American claims to the land in order
to pursue their beaver pelt economies.
The British colonists feared papal influence in North America (New France
was administered by French governors and Roman Catholic hierarchy and
missionaries such as Armand de La Richardie were active). For the
predominantly Protestant British settlers, French control over North America
could have represented a threat to their religious and other freedoms that were
provided by English law.
Newfoundland's Grand Banks were fertile fishing grounds and coveted by
both sides. The conclusion of this war would see France keeping only the
islands of Saint Pierre and Miquelon, allowing them access to the Grand
Banks to this day.
Minor facts
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The Battle of Fort Necessity, one of the opening engagements of the war,
marked the first and only instance of George Washington surrendering in
battle.
Fort Ticonderoga was built by the French after a battle near Lake George,
New York.
The novel and movie The Last of the Mohicans is set around the events of the
Battle of Fort William Henry
The final battle of the war in North America was the Battle of Signal Hill, in
which the French surrendered St. John's to the British under the command of
Colonel William Amherst.
As part of the peace treaty, France agreed that it would not build any military
establishments in India, thereby allowing Britain to become the dominant
European power in India. France was from then on powerless in North
America.
Luckily, for the British they most of their strength in Europe, so they did not have an
adequate force in the New World.
Inter-colonial Congress – There was a lack of unity within the colonists, but with
fighting going on in Ohio Valley. They must unit. In 1754 the British colonists
summoned an inter-colonial congress to Albany, New York. Only 7 of the 13 delegates
showed up. The purpose was to keep the scalping knives of the Iroquois tribes loyal to
the British in the spreading war. The long range goal was to achieve greater colonial
unity. All agreed they need unity, but individual colonies and Great Britain did not like
the idea.
“Join or Die” – Benjamin Franklin published has famous cartoon in the Pennsylvania
Gazette.
General Braddock – British General sent to Virginia to capture Fort Duquesne. A lot of
his force was made up of colonists. The mission went badly; they were defeated by the
French and their Native allies. The natives inflamed by this easy victory went on a
scalping spree.
The British launched a full-scale invasion of Canada in 1756, now that the undeclared
war in America had at last merged into a world conflict. War still not going well for the
British.
“Buckskins” – ill- disciplined colonial militiamen. They did not have the military
training the British soldiers had, so many of the British did not get along with the
militiamen.
William Pitt – “the Great Commoner” Pitt drew much of his strength from the common
people. He was an effective orator and cheerleader for his country. Pitt dispatched a
powerful expedition in 1758 against Louisbourg, which fell to the British.
Battle of Quebec 1759 – Quebec was next on Pitt’s list. He chose James Wolfe to lead
the mission. He dies during the mission, but the French were defeated and the city
surrendered. This battle ranks as one of the most significant engagements in British and
America. By the peace settlement at Paris 1763 The French were thrown completely off
the continent of North America. Great Britain thus emerged as the dominant power in
North America.
Disunity –Caused by
 Enormous distances
 Geographical barriers
 Conflicting religion
 Varied nationalities
 Differing types of colonial governments
 Boundary disputes
 Rich vs. Poor
Throughout the French and Indian Conflict some of these barriers began to melt, as
soldiers and statesmen met .
Pontiac’s Uprising – The Treaty of Paris that ended the French and Indian War dealt a
harsh blow to the Iroquois, Creeks, and other interior tribes. They could no longer play
off the rival European powers against another. Chief Pontiac 1763 led several tribes in a
violent campaign to drive the British out of the Ohio Country. Killed 2000 soldiers and
settlers. The British retaliated quickly using biological warfare (infected small pox
blankets). The British were successful.
Daniel Boone – Land hungry American colonists were now free to move into the west.
Proclamation of 1763 – Flatly prohibited settlement in the area beyond the
Appalachians, pending further adjustments. Colonists hated the proclamation even
though it was created to take care of the Indian problem first before moving into the
region. The outcome was a wave of colonists moving west.