Download Name: Period: ______ 12SN-22-6 Common Reactions of Alkanes

Name: ______________________________________________ Period: ___________
12SN-22-6
Common Reactions of Alkanes
COMPLETE COMBUSTION -All hydrocarbons will burn in oxygen to produce energy, carbon dioxide and water.
Hydrocarbon +
oxygen

carbon dioxide
+
water vapour
Write the complete balanced chemical equations for the complete combustion of;
a) butane
b) octane
CRACKING Is the process by which large hydrocarbons are broken down into smaller, more usable fragments. This process
requires heat and/or a catalyst. It is not easy to predict the products that will be formed.
What is a catalyst?
Large molecules

smaller molecules
Example:
C17H36 (l) 
C9H20(l)
+
C8H16(l)
REFORMING Is the process by which larger molecules are formed from smaller ones. This is a process that can produce higher
grade gasoline. This process also requires a catalyst.
Small molecules

larger molecules
Example:
2 Pentane

decane
+
hydrogen
HYDROCARBONS FROM EARTH’S CRUST
(READ pages 712–715 and complete the following)
This section describes the origin, composition, and uses of natural gas, petroleum, and coal.
1. What are fossil fuels? T
hey are carbon–based fuels derived from the decay of organisms.
2. List three factors needed to produce fossil fuels from organic residue. pressure
a. ______________________
bacterial action
b. ______________________ h
eat
c. ______________________
3. Petroleum and natural gas contain mostly ______________________hydrocarbons.
4. What are the four main components of natural gas?
methane, ethane, propane, and butane
5. Which noble gas is found in natural gas? ______________________
xylenes
helium
6. Fill in the missing reactants and products in the equation for the combustion
of methane.
CH4(g) �+ 2 _______ (g) _______ (g) �+ 2 _______ (g) �+ heat
O CO HO liquid
7. Propane and butane are sold in ______________________ form to be used as ______________________ fuels.
Complete
8. ______________________ combustion of a hydrocarbon produces a blue flame;
incomplete
______________________ combustion produces a yellow flame.
9. What toxic gas is formed during incomplete combustion of a hydrocarbon?
carbon monoxid
10. The first oil well was drilled in ______________________ in the late 1850s.
11. Is the following sentence true or false? Petroleum is commercially useful without refining. ______________________
12. How is petroleum refined?
It is refined by fractional distillation. Compounds are collected according to their boiling points.
13. Circle the letter of the distillation fraction that represents the highest percent of crude oil.
a. natural gas
b. gasoline
c. kerosene
d. lubricating oil
14. Using a catalyst and heat to break hydrocarbons down into smaller molecules is called _______________________.
15. Complete the table below about four fractions obtained from crude oil. Indicate where each fraction will be collected
from the fractionating column shown at the below.
Fration
Fuel oil
Gasoline
Lubricating oil
Composition of
Carbon Chains
Where in the column?
16.
______________________ is the intermediate material that is the first stage in coal formation.
Peat
17. Name the three types of coal and the carbon content of each. lignite; about 50%
a. ________________________________ b
ituminous; 70–80%
b. ________________________________
anthracite; � 80%
c. ________________________________
18. Is the following sentence true or false? Coal mines in North America are usually at least a kilometer below Earth’s
surface. ______________________
19. Coal consists primarily of ______________________ compounds of extremely high molar mass.
SO and
20. Aromatic compounds produce more ______________________ when burned than do ______________________ fuels.
21. What major air pollutants are produced by burning coal that contains sulfur? ______________________
as
22. List four products that can be obtained by distilling coal. ___________, __________, __________, ____________
._______
23. Which of these products can be distilled further? ____________