Download UNIT 13

27
CHAPTER
Empire and Expansion, 1890-1909
Note: The next two chapters cover the second great wave of expansionist fever to hit the country—after the “Manifest Destiny” phase of the
1840s. Think about why it was that, at the end of the century, the feeling again arises that the country must “expand or explode.”
1. Imperialist Stirrings What do the authors mean by the following causes they ascribe to the new imperialist stirrings:
(1) Overseas markets:
(2) “Yellow press”:
(3) Missionary impulse:
(4) Racism/Darwinism:
(5) New Steel Navy:
2. Venezuela and Hawaii In 1895–1896, when President Cleveland thought that ________________
(a European country) was getting too powerful in Latin America, his Secretary of State Richard ___________ tried successfully
to invoke the _____________ Doctrine in a boundary dispute with Venezuela. Although war almost resulted, the precedent of
the United States acting as the “protector” of Latin America was further established. *** After reading the section on the 1893
planter “revolt” in ______________ and the eventual annexation of Hawaii in 18____, do you see any similarities between these
events and the way that Texas and California came into the Union?
3. Cuba and War with Spain Americans sympathized with the renewed Cuban fight for independence from Spain, especially
when the incoming Spanish General “___________” Weyler attempted its violent suppression. To sell newspapers, the two big
“_____________” (a color) journalists, William R. __________ and Joseph _____________ played up this brutality. They got
their sensational story in February 1898 when the battleship _______ blew up in Havana Harbor. Although the American
reaction was one of outrage, the authors conclude that the Spanish probably _________ (did or did not) blow up this ship. When
McKinley asked for a war declaration, Congress agreed and further “self-righteously” passed the _______________
Amendment, which forbade annexation of Cuba after a successful war. *** Pause here to reflect on the causes and justification
for war with Spain. In 1898, would you have been one of those pushing for intervention, or would you have opposed a war
declaration?
Why, Or Why not??
4. Spanish-American War of 1898 Going beyond his authority, Assistant Secretary of the Navy Theodore ___________ had
ordered Commodore George _______ to attack the Spanish outpost in ____________ should war break out. Although having
little relevance to the liberation of Cuba, this attack was a _______________ (success or failure). The capture of Manila was
aided by the local revolutionary leader Emilio ______________.
Theodore ______________ resigned from the government and helped form a regiment called the Rough ____________ that
captured _____ ________ Hill near the city of _________, leading to a naval victory over the Spanish fleet. Many more
Americans died of tropical diseases than from bullet wounds, and the war was over within four months. *** Secretary of State
John Hay dubbed this a “splendid little war.” After reading the military history, what do you think?
5. Annexing the Philippines—Imperialism or No? As a result of the peace treaty signed with Spain in 1898, Cuba was freed
(with reservations!) and the United States took over responsibility for the former Spanish possessions of ________,
_______________ , and the __________________. President ____________ then faced the “devil’s dilemma”—what to do with
the Philippines. Should he keep them and try to join the world’s imperialist powers, or should he set them free as had been done
in Cuba? List three imperialistic factors that convinced McKinley to keep the islands and three arguments against annexation
used by the newly organized Anti-Imperialist League. ***Evaluate these arguments. Which arguments are strongest and weakest
in your opinion?
Imperialist Arguments
Anti-Imperialist Arguments
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4) Your opinion:
6. Problems of Empire Congress granted limited self-government to the island of _________ _________ and, in 1917, gave its
people U.S. citizenship. Cuba was governed until 1902 by U. S. General Leonard _________, after which, as required under the
____________ Amendment, U.S. troops withdrew. However, Cuba was forced to write the so-called __________ Amendment
into its own constitution. What were the three conditions of Cuban independence (the consequences of which are still evident
today) written into this amendment?
(1)
(2)
(3)
7. Philippine “Insurrection”
a. The authors devoted eight pages in the last chapter to the five-month Spanish-American War, but only two pages here to the
far more brutal three-year war against Filipino nationalists seeking their independence. The U.S. president who decided to keep
the Philippines after the war was William ______________. The leader of the “insurrection” in the Philippines was Emilio
_____________, while the first American governor of the Philippines was future president William Howard ________. The
Philippines were not granted their independence until after World War II, in 19____.
b. *** Given what you may already know about American involvement in Vietnam in the 1960s, compare and contrast that
experience with our suppression of the Philippine independence movement in 1899–1901. Would you have pursued the same or
a different policy?
(1) Similarities:
(2) Differences:
(3) Your view:
8. China and the “Open Door” Trade with China has always been a prize coveted by countries around the world. At the turn of
the century, a weak China was being carved up by European powers and the United States was late getting into the game.
Secretary of State ______________ then worked to get acceptance of an “________________Policy” which would respect
Chinese rights while opening up the market to all comers. Anti-foreign feelings in China erupted in the “_________ Rebellion”
of 19____, which was suppressed by a large international military force.
9. The Rise of Roosevelt
a. Look at the highlighted quotes from Senators Beveridge and Hoar. What is the essence of their arguments for and against U.S.
imperialism?
(1) Pro-imperialism (Beveridge):
(2) Anti-imperialism (Hoar):
b. In the election of 1900, the Republicans renominated William _____________ but then added the young war hero Theodore
_____________ to the ticket as vice president. The Democrats again nominated the energetic orator William Jennings
____________. The party that stressed free silver and anti-imperialism in the election was the _________________ , while the
_______________ Party stressed prosperity and the gold standard. In September 19___, the re-elected McKinley was
assassinated and the amazing Roosevelt took over. List a few of the words used by the author to describe this remarkable man:
c. *** What is your view as to whether or not a virile, cheerleading flag-waver such as Roosevelt could get elected in America
today? Why or why not?
10. Panama Canal
a. Why did the United States want to see a canal built across Central America?
b. The French had tried unsuccessfully to build a canal across the Isthmus of Panama and were willing to sell their rights to the
United States Panama was then a province of ____________. When that country did not accept the American proposal to build a
canal across its territory, what was Roosevelt’s aim in so quickly coming to the aid of those who wanted to secure independence
for Panama? Was his ploy successful?
11. “Big Stick” in the Caribbean
a. The policy used by Roosevelt to justify intervening in Latin American countries to help collect the debts owed to European
countries (ostensibly to keep the European countries from intervening to collect the debts themselves) was called the
_____________ _______________ to the Monroe Doctrine. What is the essence of the Monroe Doctrine and how was this
essence modified by Roosevelt?
(1) Monroe Doctrine:
(2) Roosevelt’s “Corollary”:
b. What does Roosevelt’s “Big Stick” Policy in the Caribbean refer to? *** What do you think of this view that the U.S. should
be the “protector” of Latin America?
(1) “Big Stick”:
(2) Your view:
12. Asian Relations This section discusses how the great warrior Roosevelt actually won the _________ Peace Prize for mediating
the 1904–1905 _________-Japanese War. It also talks about the influx of _____________ (nationality) workers into Hawaii
and California before and after this war. An incident of school segregation in the “liberal” city of San ________________ in
1906 caused an international crisis that only ended with the so-called “_________________ Agreement,” whereby the Japanese
government stopped issuing visas to additional immigrants. (Note: You will see in later how many of these Japanese immigrants,
and their offspring, ended up in internment camps during World War II.) As a final show of American power in the Orient, in
1907 Roosevelt sent a naval task force called the “_________ _________ Fleet” on a world tour ending in Tokyo Harbor and
leading to the Root-______________ Agreement with Japan.
VARYING VIEWPOINTS
American Imperialism
1. The authors rightly point out the contradiction between American imperialism and the ideals of the American Revolution
combined with the country’s democratic ideals. Summarize the three interpretations for American expansionism at the turn of
the century (and, off and on, throughout our history) that the authors discuss in this section.
a. The “Aberration” School (Pratt, Hofstadter, Beale)
Yellow Press:
“Psychic Crisis” of the 1890s:
“International Peer Pressure”:
b. The “New Left” School (Williams, Lenin, LaFeber)
Economic motivation:
Strategy of “Informal Empire”:
c. “Race/Gender” Interpretation
Race:
Gender:
2. *** Of this mix of explanations, which ones do you feel the authors stressed most in the last two chapters? Do you have any
views on the motivations behind American expansionism?