Download 2010 - Coller School of Management

TEL AVIV UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF MANAGEMENT
THE LEON RECANATI GRADUATE SCHOOL OF
BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION
THE HENRY CROWN INSTITUTE
OF BUSINESS RESEARCH IN ISRAEL
RESEARCH
CATALOG
PUBLICATIONS
(Including Abstracts)
January-December 2010
IIBR Publications Series
Finance, Accounting and Insurance
Business and Law
General Management
Business Ethics
International Management
Managerial Economics and Operations Research
Technology and Information Systems
Healthcare Management
Marketing
Strategy and Entrepreneurship
Organizational Behavior and Human Resources
Series include working papers, research reports and reprints.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Finance, Accounting and Insurance .............................................................................. 1
International Management ............................................................................................ 9
Managerial Economics and Operations Research ....................................................... 11
Technology and Information Systems ........................................................................ 13
Marketing .................................................................................................................... 23
Strategy and Entrepreneurship .................................................................................... 29
Organizational Behavior and Human Resources ........................................................ 31
HC-IBRI SERIES IN FINANCE, ACCOUNTING AND INSURANCE
WORKING PAPERS
20/2010
E. Einhorn and A. Ziv
Biased Voluntary Disclosure, 38 pp.
We provide a bridge between the voluntary disclosure and the earnings
management literature. Voluntary disclosure models focus on
managers’ discretion in deciding whether or not to provide truthful
voluntary disclosure to the capital market. Earnings management
models, on the other hand, concentrate on managers’ discretion in
deciding how to bias their mandatory disclosure. By analyzing
managers’ disclosure strategy when disclosure is voluntary and not
necessarily truthful, we show the robustness of voluntary disclosure
theory to the relaxation of the standard assumption of truthful
reporting. We also demonstrate the sensitivity of earnings management
theory to the commonly made mandatory disclosure assumption.
17/2010
M Abudy and S. Benninga
Valuing Employee Stock Options and Restricted Stock in the Presence
of Market Imperfections, 22 pp.
We develop a new technology for valuing financial assets such as
employee stock options and restricted stocks. Our model takes explicit
account of the non-diversification of the owner of the asset. The model
is an extension of the common binomial pricing model and is relatively
easy to implement. This paper explains the issues and uses a database
of employee stock options to estimate the model parameters.
6/2010
I. Kama and D. Weiss
Do Managers’ Deliberate Decisions Induce Sticky Costs? 42 pp.
This study explores motivations underlying managers’ resource
adjustments. We examine asymmetric costs resulting from current
resource adjustments made intentionally to meet earnings targets under
constraints set by past technology choices aimed to maximize firm
value. Findings indicate that early technology choices induce cost
stickiness in the absence of incentives to meet earnings targets. Costs
exhibit greater stickiness in the presence of hard technological
constraints than in the presence of weak technological constraints.
However, resource adjustments made intentionally to meet earnings
targets wash away, rather than induce, cost stickiness imposed by predetermined technological constraints, resulting in symmetric costs. The
findings suggest that some deliberate decisions induce sticky costs
1
while other deliberate decisions diminish sticky costs depending on the
underlying motivations.
2/2010
D. Disatnik
Portfolio Optimization Using a Block Structure for the Covariance
Matrix, 31 pp.
Implementing in practice the classical mean-variance theory for
portfolio selection often results in obtaining portfolios with large short
sale positions. Also, recent papers show that, due to estimation errors,
existing and rather advanced mean-variance theory-based portfolio
strategies do not consistently outperform the naïve 1/N portfolio that
invests equally across N risky assets. In this paper, I introduce a
portfolio strategy that generates a portfolio, with no short sale
positions, that can outperform the 1/N portfolio. The strategy is
investing in a global minimum variance portfolio (GMVP) that is
constructed using an easy to calculate block structure for the
covariance matrix of asset returns. Using this new block structure, the
weights of the stocks in the GMVP can be found analytically, and as
long as simple and directly computable conditions are met, these
weights are positive.
17/2009/R
E. Amir, E. Einhorn and I. Kama
Equity Valuation in the Presence of Accounting Noise:
Evidence using Profit Margins, 54 pp.
Empirical
We investigate the way investors utilize accounting data in equity
valuation in the presence of various sources of accounting noises that
impede the persistence and the predictive value of reported earnings.
Our empirical findings are consistent with the hypothesis that investors
implement ratio analysis of disaggregated earnings data to imperfectly
detect accounting noises of various types and adjust for them when
pricing firms’ equity. In appears that investors look at deviations of
reported earnings components from their expected fundamental ratios,
using them as imperfect indicators of hidden nonrecurring earnings
items arising from reporting manipulations, measurement biases and
economic events of a transitory nature. These indicators assist investors
to partially clear reported earnings of noises and elicit the persistent
kernel of earnings as an improved basis for equity valuation. The
empirical evidence also suggests that investors rely more heavily on
this process of clearing accounting earnings of noises when pricing
firms with relatively stable financial ratios.
2
11/2009/R
M. Abudy and S. Benninga
Non-Marketability and the Value of Equity-Based Compensation,
32 pp.
This paper uses the Benninga-Helmantel-Sarig (2005) framework to
value employee stock options (ESOs) and restricted stocks units (RSU)
in a framework which takes explicit account of employee nondiversification in addition to the standard features of vesting and forfeit
of the stock options. This framework provides an endogenous
explanation of early exercise of employee stock options. Incorporating
non-diversification, we find that the pricing model is aligned with
empirical findings of ESOs and results in lower values compared to
alternative employee option pricing models such the widely-used HullWhite (2004) model. This pricing has implication for the FAS 123(R)
for estimating the fair value of equity-based compensation.
REPRINTS
170
J. Hao, A. Kalay and S. Mayhew
Ex dividend arbitrage in option markets, The Review of Financial
Studies, 23 (1), 271-303, 2010.
We examine the behavior of call options surrounding the underlying
stock’s ex-dividend date. The evidence is inconsistent with the
predictions of a rational exercise policy; a significant fraction of the
open interest remains unexercised, resulting in a windfall gain to option
writers. This triggers a sophisticated trading scheme that enables shortterm traders to receive a significant fraction of the gains. The trading
scheme inflates reported volume and distorts its traditional relations to
liquidity. The dramatic increases in the volume of trade on the last
cum-dividend day are facilitated by limitations on transaction costs
passed by the various option exchanges. (JEL G13, G14, G18).
169
A. Michel, J. Oded and I. Shaked
Not all buybacks are created equal: The case of accelerated stock
repurchases, Financial Analysts Journal, 66(6), 55-72, December
2010.
The authors documented the characteristics and market performance of
ASR (accelerated share repurchase) stock. They found that postannouncement ASR stock performance is poor, unlike that documented
in the literature for other repurchase methods, which implies that ASRs
do not signal undervaluation, a frequently suggested motivation for
repurchases.
3
168
J. Oded and Y. Wang
On the different styles of large shareholders’ activism, Economics of
Governance, 11(3), 229-267, 2010.
This paper extends Noe’s (Rev Financial Studies 15:289-317, 2002)
model of large shareholder activism in two directions. First, it
considers a framework in which large shareholders can choose not only
when to monitor, but also how intensively they want to monitor the
firm. Second, it considers the impact of laws and regulations by
introducing a governance quality parameter that makes monitoring
more cost effective. The model yields a new and rich characterization
of activism. We find that share wealth (ownership concentration)
induces monitoring for higher firm value through more frequent
monitoring with unchanged intensity. Cash wealth motivates activism
for trading gains, not higher firm value, through less frequent
monitoring coupled with higher intensity. We also find that better
governance leads to higher firm value through more frequent but less
intense activism. When asymmetries within the group of large
shareholders exist, the model predicts that the larger/wealthier/more
efficient shareholders are more active. These results are broadly
consistent with the empirical evidence.
167
D. Weiss
Cost behavior and analysts’ earnings forecast, The Accounting Review,
85 (4), 1441-1471, 2010.
This study examines how firms’ asymmetric cost behavior influences
analysts’ earnings forecasts, primarily the accuracy of analysts’
consensus earnings forecasts. Results indicate that firms with stickier
cost behavior have less accurate analysts’ earnings forecasts than firms
with less sticky cost behavior. Furthermore, findings show that cost
stickiness influences analysts’ coverage priorities and investors appear
to consider sticky cost behavior in forming their beliefs about the value
of firms. This study integrates a typical management accounting
research topic, cost behavior, with three standard financial accounting
topics (namely, accuracy of analysts’ earnings forecasts, analysts’
coverage, and market response to earnings surprises).
166
J. Aharony, R. Barniv and H. Falk
The impact of mandatory IFRS adoption on equity valuation of
accounting numbers for security investors in the EU, European
Accounting Review, 19 (3), 535-578, 2010.
Motivated by the European Union (EU) decision to mandate
application of the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS)
to the consolidated financial statements of all EU listed firms
(Regulation (EC) 1606/2002), starting in December 2005, we compare
the value relevance of accounting information in 14 European countries
4
in the year prior to and the year of the mandatory adoption of the IFRS.
We focus on three accounting information items for which
measurements under IFRS are likely to differ considerably from
measurements under domestic accounting practices across the EU
countries prior to the introduction of the international standards:
goodwill, research and development expenses (R&D), and asset
revaluation. These three items, selected on an a priori basis, have been
shown in previous research to differ in the effect of uncertainty on their
future benefits. We use valuation models that include these three
variables and in addition the book value of equity and earnings.
Overall, our study suggests that the adoption of the IFRS has increased
the value relevance of the three accounting numbers for investors in
equity securities in the EU. Association tests support our two
hypotheses: (1) in the year prior to the mandatory adoption of the
IFRS, the incremental value relevance to investors of the three
domestic GAAP-based accounting items was greater in countries
where the respective domestic standards were more compatible with
the IFRS; and (2) the higher the deviation of the three domestic GAAPbased accounting items from their corresponding IFRS values, the
greater the incremental value relevance to investors from the switch to
IFRS. These associations prevail when considering cross-country
differences in the institutional environments, which tend to provide
complementary effects.
141
J. Aharoni, J. Wang and H. Yuan
Tunneling as an incentive for earnings management during the IPO
process in China, Journal of Accounting and Public Policy, 29(1), 126, 2010.
Using a sample of 185 Chinese IPO firms listed on the Shanghai Stock
Exchange during the period 1999-2001, we show that related-party
(RP) sales of goods and services could be used opportunistically to
manage earnings upwards in the pre-IPO period. We also provide
evidence that such behavior may be motivated by the prospect of
tunneling opportunities in the post-IPO period, i.e., exploiting
economic resources from minority shareholders for the benefit of the
parent company. We provide evidence of one such opportunistic
tunneling tool: non-repayment by Chinese parent companies of net
outstanding corporate loans made to them by their newly listed
subsidiaries. Furthermore, we provide evidence in support of our
assertion of an association between such tunneling behavior in the
post-IPO period and earnings management via abnormal RP sales in
the pre-IPO period. Finally, we demonstrate the apparent failure of
investors in Chinese IPOs to perceive the link between the two
phenomena. The results enhance understanding of the motives for and
consequences of earnings manipulation during the IPO process. They
highlight a potential additional investment risk facing foreign investors
in China’s capital markets as well as in Chinese firms cross-listed in
non-Chinese stock exchanges, and have policy implications for China
5
and other emerging markets which need to improve the protection of
minority shareholders’ rights.
140
I. Kama
On the market reaction to revenue and earnings surprises, Journal of
Business Finance and Accounting, 36(1/2), 31-50, 2009.
This study extends Ertimur et al. (2003) and Jegadeesh and Livnat
(2006a) by providing a contextual framework for the information
content of revenue and earnings surprises. I find that the influence of
earnings surprises (revenue surprises) on stock returns is lower (higher)
in R&D intensive companies. Also, market reaction to earnings
surprises is lower in the fourth quarter, and to revenue surprises it is
higher in industries with oligopolistic competition. A comprehensive
analysis indicates that, in contrast to previous studies for the full
sample, in several contexts market reaction to earnings surprises is not
higher than to revenue surprises.
139
J. Oded and A. Michel
Why does DCF undervalue equity, Journal of Applied Finance,
19(1&2), 49-62, 2009.
Academics and professionals frequently use the yield to maturity
(YTM) as a proxy for the cost of debt when valuing firms using
discounted cash flow (DCF). This paper demonstrates that this practice
is incorrect because YTM is calculated based on promised cash flows,
whereas the traditional DCF valuation of firms is based on expected
cash flows. The correct cost of debt in DCF valuations of firms is the
expected return on debt. Valuations of firms that use the YTM as the
cost of debt underestimate the correct value. This distortion is
particularly large for highly levered firms where the difference between
YTM and expected return on debt is sizable. These results are
demonstrated using the recent highly publicized leveraged buyout of
Clear Channel Communications Inc. We show that if YTM rather than
expected return on debt were used in the valuation process, the price
offered for the shares would have significantly underestimated their
fair value.
138
J. Oded
Optimal execution of open-market stock repurchase programs, Journal
of Financial Markets, 12(4), 832-869, 2009.
This paper formalizes the following intuition about open-market share
repurchases. Firms do open-market share repurchases to return free
cash, which would otherwise be wasted. However, when the firm goes
to buy its own shares with this cash, it has inside information and
hence the actual execution is characterized by adverse selection. The
6
market knows that the firm has inside information, and consequently
the ask price is high to compensate for this adverse selection problem.
This implies that, all else equal, the greater the adverse selection
problem compared to the cash waste problem, the higher the ask price,
and, therefore, the wider the bid–ask spread and the lower the share
repurchase completion rate. We test this implication on a sample of
U.S. firms and report evidence consistent with the model.
137
D. Weiss and M.W. Maher
Operational hedging against adverse circumstances, Journal of
Operations Management, 27(5), 362-373, 2009.
This paper investigates operational hedging against severe disruptions
to normal operations. It offers a new method to evaluate the extent that
operations policy serves as a hedge against adverse circumstances. We
apply the proposed method to explore how supply chain characteristics
affect the responses of airlines to the acute demand fall off after the
September 11 terrorist attacks. Results indicate that operational
hedging vehicles (fleet standardization, high-fleet utilization, an
aircraft ownership policy rather than leasing, and international
operations) are more powerful in protecting firms than using financial
instruments. The study contributes in guiding managers as to how
operations policy can serve as an imperative factor in mitigating
exposures to low-end performance levels.
136
D. Weiss, P.A. Naik and R. Weiss
The ‘big pharma’ dilemma: Develop new drugs or promote existing
ones? Nature Reviews Drug Discovery, 8(7), 535-534, 2009.
Pharmaceutical companies decide how much to invest in developing
new drugs and promoting existing ones, thereby influencing the rate of
drug discovery and the state of biomedical research funding. The
relative emphasis on innovation compared with marketing depends on
how these activities affect the short term profitability and the long term
value of the company. To understand why companies invest
extensively in promoting existing products when drug discovery seems
to be their core value-generator, we examined the spending on research
and development (R&D) versus sales and marketing by pharmaceutical
companies over the past three decades.
135
A. Kalay and A. Wohl
Detecting liquidity traders, Journal of Financial and Quantitative
Analysis, 44(1), 29-54, 2009.
We develop a measure (based on the relative slopes of the demand and
supply schedules) quantifying the asymmetric presence of liquidity
traders in the market: a steeper slope of the demand (supply) schedule
7
indicates a concentration of liquidity traders on the demand (supply)
side. Using the opening session of the Tel Aviv Stock Exchange, we
demonstrate the predictive power of our measure. Consistent with
theory, we find that the concentration of liquidity traders on the
demand (supply) side is negatively (positively) correlated with future
returns. We find that liquidity traders are likely to arrive at the market
together (commonality).
134
J. Aharony and E. Noy
Corporate long-range quantitative goals: Profit or growth? The Journal
of Wealth Management, 12(1), 75-88, 2009.
NO ABSTRACT
8
HC-IBRI SERIES IN INTERNATIONAL MANAGEMENT
WORKING PAPERS
15/2010
S. Hirsch and N. Hashai
Crisis Moderates the Expansion of Israeli Multinationals, 22 pp.
NO ABSTRACT
9
10
HC-IBRI SERIES IN MANAGERIAL ECONOMICS
AND OPERATIONS RESEARCH
WORKING PAPERS
4/2010
S. Anily and R. Hassin
Optimal Pricing and Replenishment Policy in a Market with Two
Types of Customers Who Hold Inventory, 34 pp.
We consider a pricing and replenishment model in which the retailer
advertises the selling periods of the product at the beginning of the
time horizon. The customers differ in their reservation price and the
time they most need the product. The customers are assumed to be
discretionary, meaning that if at their most desired time the product is
out of stock then they may decide to buy it earlier or later than that
time, paying a holding or shortage cost, respectively, or they may
decide to quit. Such a modeling of the customers’ behavior induces a
partial backlogging system in which the retailer is exempted from the
burden of having to estimate his/her backlogging or lost-sales cost
parameters. We investigate the retailer’s optimal policy for two types
of customers, each associated with its own arrival rate and reservation
price.
REPRINTS
179
S. Anily and M. Haviv
Cooperation in service systems, Operations Research, 58 (3), 660-673,
2010.
We consider a number of servers that may improve the efficiency of
the system by pooling their service capacities to serve the union of the
individual streams of customers. This economies-of-scope
phenomenon is due to the reduction in the steady-state mean total
number of customers in the system. The question we pose is how the
servers should split among themselves the cost of the pooled system.
When the individual incoming streams of customers form Poisson
processes and individual service times are exponential, we define a
transferable utility cooperative game in which the cost of a coalition is
the mean number of customers (or jobs) in the pooled system. We
show that, despite the fact that the characteristic function is neither
monotone nor concave, the game and its subgames possess nonempty
cores. In other words, for any subset of servers there exist cost-sharing
allocations under which no partial subset can take advantage by
breaking away and forming a separate coalition. We give an explicit
expression for all (infinitely many) nonnegative core cost allocations of
this game. Finally, we show that, except for the case where all
11
individual servers have the same cost, there exist infinitely many core
allocations with negative entries, and we show how to construct a
convex subset of the core where at least one server is being paid to join
the grand coalition.
153
S. Anily, M. Tzur and L.A. Wolsey
Multi-item lot-sizing with joint
Programming, 119(1), 79-94, 2009.
set-up
costs,
Mathematical
We consider a multi-item lot-sizing problem with joint set-up costs and
constant capacities. Apart from the usual per unit production and
storage costs for each item, a set-up cost is incurred for each batch of
production, where a batch consists of up to C units of any mix of the
items. In addition, an upper bound on the number of batches may be
imposed. Under widely applicable conditions on the storage costs,
namely that the production and storage costs are nonspeculative, and
for any two items the one that has a higher storage cost in one period
has a higher storage cost in every period, we show that there is a tight
linear program with O(mT2) constraints and variables that solves the
joint set-up multi-item lot-sizing problem, where m is the number of
items and T is the number of time periods. This establishes that under
the above storage cost conditions this problem is polynomially
solvable. For the problem with backlogging, a similar linear
programming result is described for the uncapacitated case under very
restrictive conditions on the storage and backlogging costs.
Computational results are presented to test the effectiveness of using
these tight linear programs in strengthening the basic mixed integer
programming formulations of the joint set-up problem both when the
storage cost conditions are satisfied, and also when they are violated.
12
HC-IBRI SERIES IN TECHNOLOGY AND INFORMATION SYSTEMS
WORKING PAPERS
5/2010
I. Ater
Internalization of Congestion at U.S. Hub Airports, 30 pp.
I study delays and congestion patterns in U.S. airports during highvolume periods of flights. I find that these periods are longer the larger
the share of flights which is operated by a hub airline. Furthermore,
these longer banks exhibit shorter delays than high-volume periods
where several airlines operate. These results lend support to recent
theoretical work on congestion, and may suggest that congestion
management solutions implemented at hub airports dominated by one
airline could have only a limited impact on congestion itself.
3/2010
V. Holzmann and A. Shenhar
The Unfulfilled (Or Delayed) Dreamliner’s Dream: The case of the
Boeing 787 Dreamliner, 8 pp.
The commercial aircraft market is characterized by extremely high
entry barriers for several reasons, including massive capital
requirements, increase of productivity over life cycle, intensive R&D
and engineering expertise. The ambitious program of the 787
Dreamliner initiated by Boeing at the beginning of the 21st century put
forward new challenges. It quite likely that one day, the Dreamliner’s
problems will become events of the past and its future business will
prove sound and profitable. However the project’s story will stay
forever as a lesson on how one should better handle an ambitious and
innovative large and expensive system building.
REPRINTS
177
B. Ronen and S. Pass
Service management. In J. Cox & J. Schleier (editors), Theory of
Constraints Handbook. NY: McGraw-Hill, 2010.
NO ABSTRACT
13
176
N. Ahituv
Thoughts on the open information society: Does the concept of
“privacy of an organization” exist? In U. Gori (editor), Modelling
Cyber Security: Approaches, Methodology, Strategies, NATO Science
for Peace and Security Series – E: Human and Societal Dynamics (Vol.
59, pp. 5-10). Amsterdam: IOS Press, 2009.
NO ABSTRACT
175
R. Gelbard, D. Te’eni and M. Sade
Theory of object oriented analysis – Is it just theory? IEEE Software,
27(1), 64-71, 2010.
The authors argue that for object oriented analysis to be worthwhile,
costs should be reduced by concentrating on four major components,
namely organizational relationships and interactions, data items,
business processes, and user experiences. The benefits of each
component should be enhanced by going deeper into the analysis that
builds on relevant psychological, organizational and social theories.
174
M. Bar Niv (Burnovski), Z. Lieber and B. Ronen
Focused management in a court system: Doing more with the existing
resources, Human Systems Management, 29(4), 265-277, 2010.
As in many countries, the court system in Israel suffers from long lead
time, inadequate due date performance, and poor service quality. This
paper shows that putting into practice the Focused Management
techniques and philosophies can significantly improve the judicial
system: It will achieve much more in terms of higher throughput,
shorter lead time and better quality, while using the existing resources.
The paper discusses the various components of the focused
management philosophy adapted to the specific court environment,
such as the Theory of Constraints, the global performance measures,
the Just in Time concepts and other tools and techniques. The paper
describes a methodology to improve the court system and analyzes the
potential outcomes of the process as perceived by 94 presidents, vice
presidents and senior judges who hold most of the managerial-judicial
positions in the system.
173
A. Coman and B. Ronen
Icarus predicament: Managing the pathologies of overspecification and
overdesign, International Journal of Project Management, 28(3), 237244, April 2010.
The phenomenon of overspecification and overdesign is well known in
all industries: developing features that are not needed by the customer
causes excess development efforts, missed due dates, terminated
14
projects and higher lifecycle costs. The paper defines the phenomena,
exploring inherent causes, and prescribes solutions for both businessto-business and business-to-customer industries. It presents illustrative
cases of overspecification and overdesign, proposes a self-assessment
to determine the severity of these phenomena in an organization and
resolves the conflicts driving these phenomena. Solutions suggested
include adapting Simon’s satisficer approach, resolving the marketing
conflict by focusing on the 20% of features that account for 80% of the
value, breaking the assumption that overspecification is beneficial for
future growth potential, resolving the product manager’s conflict via a
global system view, implementing the 25/25 principle, freezing and
stabilizing the specifications, constraining developer time to eliminate
spontaneous overdesign, and piecemeal feature launch.
172
E. Segev and N. Ahituv
Popular searches in Google and Yahoo!: A “digital divide” in
information uses? The Information Society Journal, 26(1), 17-32, 2010.
In this article, the authors analyze the popular search queries used in
Google and Yahoo! over a 24-month period, January 2004–December
2005. They develop and employ a new methodology and metrics to
examine and assess the digital divide in information uses, looking at
the extent of political searches and their accuracy and variety. The
findings indicate that some countries, particularly Germany, Russia,
and Ireland, display greater accuracy of search terms, diversity of
information uses, and sociopolitical concern. Also, in many Englishspeaking and Western countries most popular searches were about
entertainment, implying a certain gap within these countries between
the few who search for economic and political information and the
many who do not.
152
N. Zaidman, D. Te’eni and D. Schwartz
Discourse-based technology support for intercultural communication in
multinationals, Journal of Communication Management, 12(3), 263272, 2008.
Purpose – The purpose of this research is to suggest a framework
based on the discourse approach to analyze intercultural
communication problems in multinational organizations. The paper
also aims to suggest solutions to these problems by designing support
in computer-mediated communication.
Design/methodology/approach – The paper uses qualitative
methodology to discover communication problems and strategies as
they are used by employees in a multinational organization.
Findings – Communication problems and strategies were associated
with differences between communicators at three levels of discourse:
different assumptions about communication; different ways of
structuring information and differences in style.
15
Research limitations/implications – The implementation of the
suggested tools introduces potential sensitivities that need to be
considered.
Originality/value – The paper highlights how to apply the discourse
approach to the analysis of intercultural communication problems and
suggests
several
implementations
of
computer-mediated
communication mechanisms and techniques that can effectively
mitigate communication problems in multinational organizations.
150
L. Fink, A. Zeevi and D. Te’eni
The effectiveness of online customer relations tools: Comparing the
perspectives of organizations and customers, Internet Research, 18(3),
211-228, 2008.
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the differences in
how customers and organizations perceive online customer relations
(OCR) tools – the online communication tools at the interface between
organizations and customers – and how the different perceptions affect
the implementation, use, and effectiveness of these tools.
Design/methodology/approach – The research model is tested
empirically in three separate studies that explore the organizations’
perspective of OCR tools, the customers’ perspective of OCR tools,
and the actual implementation and use of these tools.
Findings – The findings in this paper vary across the six OCR tools
examined. The findings for the “contact form” suggest that the
misalignment in the perspectives of organizations and customers can
drive less effective online relationships. Conversely, the findings for
the “order-tracking system” illustrate the potential of the alternative
situation, when the attitudes of organizations and customers are
aligned.
Practical implications – This paper identifies two potential barriers to
effective OCRs: misalignment between the attitudes of organizations
and customers, and inconsistency between attitude and behavior on the
part of organizations. The findings suggest ways for organizations to
improve the effectiveness of their online strategy.
Originality/value – The research model emphasizes the
implementation and use of tools that support relationships rather than
commercial transactions, and assumes the availability of a portfolio of
OCR tools rather than concentrating on an individual tool. This study
contributes by developing and testing a research model that includes
the distinct perceptions and behaviors of both organizations and
customers.
16
149
L.L. Alpay, J. Verhoef, D. Te’eni, H. Putter, P.J. Toussaint and
J.H.M. Zwetsloot-Schonk
Can contextualization increase understanding during man-machine
communication? A theory-driven study, The Open Medical Informatics
Journal, 2, 82-91, 2008.
The Internet offers unlimited possibilities for finding health
information. However, the user is often faced with the problem of
understanding it. Contextualization has a role to play in enhancing the
user’s comprehension. We report on a study which addresses this issue,
using a theoretical model of communication whose central theme is
that of context. A randomized controlled experimental design was
chosen, using as a test-bed the website SeniorGezond we had
previously developed. The study was composed of a pre-test, the
intervention with the website and a post-test. Participants (n=40) were
randomly assigned to exposure or no exposure to contextualization
with the website. Results show that contextualization increases
understanding for non-knowledgeable users. Furthermore, the
participant’s cognitive style was found to be a significant factor in
understanding. We also found that participants bring their own contexts
such as social context and psychological context to support their
understanding.
148
N. Zaidman, D. Schwartz and D. Te’eni
Challenges to ICT implementation in multinationals, Education,
Business and Society: Contemporary Middle Eastern Issues, 1(4), 267277, 2008.
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explore the challenges to
information and communication technologies (ICT) implementation in
multinationals. The paper focuses on contextual variables relevant to
the understanding of the implementation of ICT in organizations
operating in the Middle East, such as organization culture and power
relations.
Design/methodology/approach – The study is based on interviews
with 31 employees of a multinational company that operates in the
Middle East. In addition, 60 days of electronic mail of two senior
managers were studied and random samples of messages from the
computers of six participants collected. Altogether 200 e-mail
messages, spanning seven months, were surveyed.
Findings – It was found that the transplantation of ICT was based on
the construction of technology as symbolizing the value of modernity.
Although employees did not resist the implementation of ICT tools,
several problems related to language and access to data had an impact
on their work. Furthermore, the ICT tools implicitly assumed a
utilitarian discourse that values computer-mediated more than face-toface communication, but the organization rejected this aspect of the
tools.
17
Practical implications – We argue that more flexible designs of ICT
should take into account the particular discourse system employed in
order to achieve a better fit between the ICT tools and the users.
Originality/value – The paper focuses on a neglected area of research,
the implementation of ICT tools in culturally diverse organizations and
discusses contextual variables relevant to the understanding of the
implementation of ICT in organizations such as organization culture
and power relations, which have not been extensively discussed in the
literature.
147
A. Coman and B. Ronen
Overdosed management: How excess of excellence begets failure,
Human Systems Management 28(3), 93-99, 2009.
The managerial world has been inundated with dozens of sound
management theories during the last three decades. Among them are
the Balanced-Scorecard, Activity-Based-Costing, Lean, Six Sigma,
TQM, TOC, MBO, MCDM, Core Competencies, Vision, Coaching,
Outsourcing and many others. The application of these models has
often proved disappointing for many companies. A major reason for
the failure of these models is the OVERDOSE SYNDROME: taking
good principles to destructive extremes. This paper analyzes the origins
of the managerial overdose syndrome, illustrates its undesired
outcomes and suggests ways to circumvent them in the future. Cases
illustrate the managerial overdose phenomenon and its remedies.
146
E. Kollenscher, B. Ronen and M. Farjun
Architectural leadership: Building a value enhancing infrastructure,
Human Systems Management, 28(1-2), 35-45, 2009.
Architectural Leadership is a new approach to leadership intended to
assist CEOs in overcoming obstacles, implementing strategy, achieving
performance improvement and enhancing value. The Architect Leader
structures value-drivers through unique core organizational Methods,
which embody improved capabilities, serve strategy and widen the
strategic horizon. The Architect Leader assimilates the Methods in the
organization and ensures application of lessons learned and adjustment
of the Methods to the varying circumstances. Architect Leaders nurture
leadership at all organizational levels, encourage initiatives and harness
all employees, not just the executive team, to fulfill the organization’s
goals. The Architectural Leadership approach is practical, accessible
and does not require charisma. It is based on extensive experience and
has successfully been applied in many business and governmental
organizations and in various industries as a means of creating
competitive advantage and increasing value.
18
145
A. Coman and B. Ronen
Focused SWOT: Diagnosing critical strengths and weaknesses,
International Journal of Production Research, 47(20), 5677-5689,
2009.
Despite the problems involved in its use, SWOT (strengthsweaknesses-opportunities- threats) analysis remains a major strategic
tool for listing the strengths and weaknesses of an organization, for
recording the major strengths and translating them into value. This
paper presents a straightforward methodology for making a structured
analysis of strengths and weaknesses, based on an analysis of important
value-creating events and the strengths and weaknesses that caused
these events. The focused SWOT methodology distils the strengths and
weaknesses into core competences and core problems, by using the
core-competence tree and the current-reality tree. The core
competences and core problems are then linked into a plan of action
aimed at preserving and leveraging the organization’s core
competences, while defending against exposure to core problems.
Applications of the methodology are presented and it is demonstrated
in a detailed case study.
118
T. Hershcovici, M. Leshno, E. Goldin, R. Shamir and E. Israeli
Cost effectiveness of mass screening for coeliac disease is determined
by time-delay to diagnosis and quality of life on a gluten-free diet,
Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 31, 901-910, 2010.
Background
Coeliac disease is frequently diagnosed after a long delay resulting in
increased morbidity and mortality.
Aims
To define the parameters which have the highest impact on the cost
effectiveness of mass screening for coeliac disease.
Methods
A Markov model examined a coeliac disease screening programme of
the healthy young-adult general population compared with a
noscreening strategy. The main outcome measures were quality
adjusted life-years (QALYs) and incremental cost-effectiveness ratio
(ICER). Effects of variables were examined using sensitivity analyses.
Results
The screening strategy resulted in a gain of 0.0027 QALYs. The ICER
of screening vs. no-screening strategy was US$48 960 ⁄ QALYs. The
variables with the largest impact on cost effectiveness were: the time
delay from symptom onset to diagnosis, the utility of adherence to a
gluten-free diet (GFD) and the prevalence of coeliac disease. Screening
would be cost-effective if the time delay to diagnosis is longer than 6
years and utility of GFD adherence is greater than 0.978.
Conclusions
Our model suggests that mass screening for coeliac disease of the
young-adult general population is associated with improved QALYs
19
and is a cost effectiveness strategy. Shortening of the time-delay to
diagnosis by heightened awareness of health-care professionals may be
a valid alternative to screening.
117
N. Horowitz, M. Moshkowitz, Z. Halpern and M. Leshno
Applying data mining techniques in the development of a diagnostics
questionnaire for GERD, Digestive Diseases and Sciences, 52(8),
1871-1878, 2007.
Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a common condition,
managed mostly in primary care practice. Heartburn and acid
regurgitation are considered primary symptoms, and are usually highly
specific. However, the symptom spectrum is much wider and in many
cases it is difficult to determine whether the patient has GERD or
dyspepsia from another origin. The aim of this study is to develop a
symptom score and rule for the diagnosis of GERD, using data mining
techniques, to provide a clinical diagnostic tool for primary care
practitioners in the evaluation and management of upper
gastrointestinal symptoms. A diagnostic symptom questionnaire
consisting of 15 items and based on the current literature was designed
to measure the presence and severity of reflux and dyspepsia symptoms
using a 5-point Likert-type scale. A total of 132 subjects with
uninvestigated upper abdominal symptoms were prospectively
recruited for symptom evaluation. All patients were interviewed and
examined, underwent upper gastrointestinal endoscopy, and completed
the questionnaire. Based on endoscopic findings as well as the medical
interview, the subjects were classified as having reflux disease (GERD)
or non-reflux disease (non-GERD). Data mining models and
algorithms (neural networks, decision trees, and logistic regression)
were used to build a short and simple new discriminative questionnaire.
The most relevant variables discriminating GERD from non-GERD
patients were heartburn, regurgitation, clinical response to antacids,
sour taste, and aggravation of symptoms after a heavy meal. The
sensitivity and specificity of the new symptom score were 70%–75%
and 63%–78%, respectively. The area under the ROC curve for logistic
regression and neural networks were 0.783 and 0.787, respectively. We
present a new validated discriminative GERD questionnaire using data
mining techniques. The questionnaire is useful, friendly, and short,
and therefore can be easily applied in clinical practice for choosing the
appropriate diagnostic workup for patients with upper gastrointestinal
complaints.
20
116
H. Weinberger, D. Te’eni and A. J. Frank
Ontology-based evaluation of organizational memory, Journal of the
American Society for Information Science and Technology, 59(9),
1454-1468, 2008.
In this article we offer a new approach to evaluating Organizational
Memory (OM). Our proposed evaluation methodology, named
KnowledgeEco, is based on an ontology for the domain of OM. Its key
steps are: 1) mapping the OM in the evaluated organization onto the
ontology concepts; 2) noting which entities from the ontology are
missing in the OM; and 3) applying a series of rules that help assess the
impact of the OM on organizational learning. This systematic
evaluation thus helps to propose ways to improve the evaluated OM.
We present three case studies that demonstrate the feasibility of
KnowledgeEco for evaluating OM and for suggesting improvements.
We also identify some weaknesses in the OMs common to the three
organizations cited in the case studies. Finally, we discuss how the
KnowledgeEco ontology-based methodology establishes utility and
contributes to further research in the field of OM.
114
T. Bechor, S. Neumann, M. Zviran and C. Glezer
A contingency model for estimating success of strategic information
systems planning, Information & Management, 47, 17-29, 2010.
Strategic information system planning (SISP) has been identified as a
critical management issue. It is considered by many as the best
mechanism for assuring that IT activities are congruent with those of
the rest of the organization and its evolving needs. Our research
investigated the success of SISP as a function of its key success factors
(KSFs) in different contexts and SISP approaches, in a framework that
integrated all of the SISP components and provided a new perspective
on how the constructs are instrumental to produce SISP success. Based
on responses from 172 American CIOs, our study’s findings
empirically supported our research model: the combination of SISP
context and approach was found to have a moderating influence on the
basic relationship between SISP KSFs and its success, the best
predictor for the long-term success of the SISP process was apparently
based on the three-way interactions between SISP’s KSFs, its approach
and its context. In addition, specific combinations of SISP approach
and SISP context were found to decrease or increase the size of the
“planning paradox” (the inconsistency in the behavior of the “basic
relationship” between the three).
21
BOOKS
H.-L. Dienel, Y. Sharan, C. Rapp and N. Ahituv (Eds)
Terrorism and the Internet: Threats – Target Groups – Deradicalisation Strategies
(NATO Science for Peace and Security, Vol. 67). Amsterdam: IOS Press, 2010.
D. G. Schwartz and D. Te’eni (Eds)
Encyclopedia of Knowledge Management (Vols. I, II, second edition). IGI, 2010.
22
HC-IBRI SERIES IN MARKETING
WORKING PAPERS
16/2010
R. Iyengar, O. Koenigsberg and E. Muller
The Effect of Usage Uncertainty on Mobile Phone Package Size and
Subscribers’ Choices, 28 pp.
Wireless services typically charge their subscribers based on a threepart tariff package that consists of a fixed monthly fee, an amount of
free minutes per month (bucket size), and an overage price that is
charged for all minutes in excess of the stated number of free minutes.
For a subscriber, with a constant known consumption rate, the choice
of a package is straightforward. However, as in many other markets,
mobile phone subscribers confront uncertainty regarding their usage. In
this paper, we study the role of such usage uncertainty with respect to
minutes on both a service provider’s package design and a subscriber’s
choice of package. Specifically, we study how usage uncertainty
affects a firm’s decisions about package size when it offers calling
plans. In addition, from a subscriber’s perspective, we study the effect
of uncertainty on whether a subscriber stays with a plan or upgrades to
another. Our main results (analytical and empirical) are that the effect
of variation in usage on the subscriber’s optimal choice of free minute
allotment and service package is conditional on whether the subscriber
expects to use less than the entire bucket of minutes purchased. When
this happens, the service provider’s optimal bucket size decreases as a
function of the subscriber’s air-time variance. In addition, surprisingly,
a subscriber’s usage variance, after controlling for mean usage, is
actually a negative predictor of the subscriber choosing to upgrade.
14/2010
J. M.T. Roos and R. Shachar
When Kerry Met Sally: Politics and Perceptions in the Demand for
Movies, 43 pp.
On election days many of us see a colorful map of the U.S. where each
tiny county has a color on the continuum between red and blue. So far
we have not used such data to improve the effectiveness of marketing
models. In this study, we show that we should. We demonstrate the
usefulness of political data via an interesting application – the demand
for movies. Using box office data from 25 counties in the U.S.
Midwest (21 quarters between 2000 and 2005) we show that by
including political data one can improve out-of-sample predictions
significantly. Specifically, we estimate the improvement in forecasts
due to the addition of political data to be around $43 million per year
for the entire U.S. theatrical market. Furthermore, when it comes to
movies we depart from previous work in another way. While previous
studies have relied on pre-determined movie genres, we estimate
23
perceived movie attributes in a latent space and formulate viewers’
tastes as ideal points. Using perceived attributes improves the out-ofsample predictions even further (by around $93 million per year).
Furthermore, the latent dimensions that we identify are not only
effective in improving predictions; they are also quite insightful about
the nature of movies.
10/2010
I. Nitzan and B. Libai
The Social Aspects of Customer Churn, 47 pp.
Customer defection is of much concern to firms and has been the focus
of numerous studies, yet in contrast to customer acquisition (new
product adoption) its social aspects are largely unexplored. In this
study we aim to assess the role of a customer’s social network in his or
her defection decision. To do so we use a database of more than one
million personal customers of a cellular company. Using data on the
communication among customers, we were able to create a large-scale
social system composed of the individual social networks of those
customers. Our data set includes the entire relevant customer base,
which helps us to avoid the non-trivial problems associated with
sampling from large-scale networks. We estimate a hazard model that
combines social network information with data on customer retention
to assess the extent to which customers’ defection from a cellular
provider might be affected by their exposure to defections of their
social neighbors. Our findings indicate that a customer’s social
network affects the defection decision significantly; exposure to a
defecting neighbor is associated with an increase of up to 150% in
one’s hazard of defection, and 80% when controlling for a host of
social, personal and purchase related variables. Furthermore, we show
how strength of ties and the degree of similarity (homophily) to
defecting neighbors have a significant effect on this phenomenon, and
observe that the social defection effect decays exponentially with the
passage of time following a neighbor’s defection event. We also
demonstrate how customer loyalty moderates the social effect on
retention. These results carry important implications for our
understanding of the drivers of customer defection, and they should be
taken into account by firms that aim to predict and affect the retention
of their customers.
7/2010
J. Hornik and G. Miniero
A Comparative and Cumulative Meta-Analysis of Advertising
Appeals, 41 pp.
Marketing managers and scholars have focused substantial attention on
the role of advertising message appeal in the persuasion process. We
conducted a comprehensive quantitative and qualitative literature
review of more than a thousand reports, not previously systematically
reviewed, to study whether and by what size advertisements with
24
appeals are more persuasive and better liked than ads with no
structured appeals. We compared the most common appeals (fear,
humor, sex, comparative, gain/loss frame, two or one sided, and
metaphor) to determine their relative effectiveness. We also performed
separate analyses for each response variable to assess the contribution
of several moderating effects on the results. A test of heterogeneity
indicated the presence of moderators on observed relationships.
Moreover, we employed a cumulative meta-analysis (CMA), at every
point during the history of a research domain to test for stability of
results. To supplement the quantitative analyses and to analyze
qualitative papers and case studies, we employed a qualitative
comparative analysis (QCA) on an additional 306 qualitative reports.
The meta-analysis included 703 articles containing 1631 independent
samples and 2547 effect sizes representing 142,443 participants.
Results show that the overall appeal effect between conditions is of
small to moderate size and that profound differences exist between
appeals while some moderating variables have significant effects on
effect sizes in appeal studies. All methods provided the opportunity to
obtain results of theoretical and practical interest. We discuss
explanations for these results, suggest managerial applications, and
identify directions for future research.
REPRINTS
171
T. Shavit, C. Giorgetta, Y. Shani and F. Ferlazzo
Using eye-tracker to examine behavioral biases in investment tasks: An
experimental study, Journal of Behavioral Finance, 11(4), 185-194,
2010.
Contrary to the premise of rational models, which suggests that
investors’ aggregate portfolios are the appropriate informational asset
for evaluating a file performance, we find, using an eye tracker, that
investors spend more time looking at performances of an individual
asset than at the performances of the overall aggregated portfolio and at
the net value change more than the assets’ final value. We also find
that investors look at the monetary value change longer than at change
in percentages. Specifically, participants look longer at the value
change of gaining assets than at the value change of losing assets. We
propose the possibility that investors are not only engaged in judgment
when evaluating their portfolio (leading to loss aversion and mental
accounting) but may also be predisposed to looking for reassuring
elements within it. Thus, it may be that humans use mental accounting
by nature and not necessarily by judgment.
25
144
Y. Shani, O. Tykocinski and M. Zeelenberg
When ignorance is not bliss: How feelings of discomfort promote the
search for negative information, Journal of Economic Psychology,
29(5), 643-653, 2008.
Recent decision-making research established that the experience of
regret leads to post-decision information search [Shani, Y., &
Zeelenberg, M. (2007). When and why do we want to know? How
experienced regret promotes post-decision information search. Journal
of Behavioral Decision Making, 20, 207–222]. It has been argued that
people search for information in the hope of alleviating their negative
feelings by excluding the possibility that an unfavorable decision was
made. Paradoxically, by seeking information people expose themselves
to information that may confirm their negative feelings. The
willingness to seek out potentially painful information was examined in
three studies. Experiment 1 demonstrated that the tendency to seek
definite knowledge about the attractiveness of a forgone opportunity is
mediated by the emotional discomfort associated with remaining
ignorant, and influenced by the probability that the search will uncover
aversive information. This finding was replicated in Experiment 2 in a
lab setting. Experiment 3 demonstrated that definite knowledge is lessaversive than uncertain ignorance, even when one finds out that one
has missed a superior opportunity.
143
R. Shachar
The political participation puzzle and marketing, Journal of Marketing
Research, 46(6), 798-815, 2009.
This study shows that one of the most intriguing findings on political
participation – that the participation rate is higher in close elections – is
due to the omission of variables, namely, the marketing activities. This
relationship between closeness and participation is intriguing because
(1) it implies that people participate in elections because their vote
might be decisive, but (2) such an incentive to vote is unreasonable.
This study presents a theoretical model that suggests that closeness
does not affect the turnout rate directly but rather through the
marketing activities of the parties. In other words, in equilibrium, close
elections attract higher marketing spending, which in turn increases
turnout. The author uses data on the 1996–2004 presidential elections
in the United States to examine the model and its implications. Using
structural (and nonstructural) estimation, the author finds that the data
support the model and its implications. Furthermore, the effect of
marketing on turnout is dramatic. For example, had the marketing
activity been canceled in the 2004 elections, the number of voters
would have decreased by 15 million.
26
142
B. Anand and R. Shachar
Targeted advertising as a signal, Quantitative Marketing and
Economics, 7(3), 237-266, 2009 (lead article).
This study presents a signaling model of advertising for horizontally
differentiated products. The central ingredients of the model are two
important characteristics of advertising – targeting, and noisy
information content. The theory yields interesting results about the
informational role of targeted advertising, and its consequences. First,
targeting can itself serve as a signal on product attributes. Second, the
effectiveness of targeting depends not only on firms knowing consumer
preferences, but on consumers knowing that firms know this. This
creates a distinction between strategies of targeting and
personalization. Third, the effectiveness of targeting in equilibrium
may (far) exceed the information contained directly in the targeted
message. Fourth, information content is not, however, superfluous.
Specifically, when ads contain no information, a targeting equilibrium
does not exist. Together, these results reveal how advertising conveys
information both through the content of the message and the firm’s
choice of advertising medium. Furthermore, the model is robust to the
various critiques of prior work on ads-as-signals: namely, that ad
content is irrelevant, ad exposure is unnecessary, and the choice of ads
as signals is inherently arbitrary.
121
T. Te’eni-Harari and J. Hornik
Factors influencing product involvement among young consumers,
Journal of Consumer Marketing, 27(6), 499-506, 2010.
Purpose – In light of the core role of product involvement as a variable
in consumer behavior, the current study seeks to examine which
variables influence product involvement among young people. This
paper aims to explore five variables: age, subjective product
knowledge, influence of parents, influence of peers, and product
category.
Design/methodology/approach – The research was founded on a
quantitative field study, whose sample was comprised of 252 young
people, aged 4-15.
Findings – The findings among the entire sample imply that young
people’s product involvement is explained by all of the variables that
were examined. Interesting findings came to light for each one of the
age groups: Young children’s product-involvement level was
influenced by parents and peers. The product-involvement level for
children was influenced by peers and product category. Adolescents’
product-involvement relies on subjective product knowledge and
product category.
Originality/value – These findings expand the existing knowledge
about young consumers’ behavior patterns and show that the existing
models provide a partial picture. In addition, the product-involvement
variable must be seen as a basis for market segmentation of the
27
younger populations. The recommendation is to carefully create
segments that examine the different product-involvement levels among
each age group.
28
HC-IBRI SERIES IN STRATEGY AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP
REPRINTS
178
E. Berkovitch, R. Israel and Y. Spiegel
A double moral hazard model of organization design, Journal of
Economics and Management Strategy, 19(1), 55-85, 2010.
We develop a theory of organization design in which the firm’s
structure is chosen by trading off ex post efficiency in the
implementation of projects against ex ante efficiency in the selection of
projects. Using our framework, we derive a novel set of empirical
predictions regarding differences between firms with a functional
structure and firms with a divisional structure. We examine how the
overall profitability of the two structures is affected by various factors
like size, complexity, and asymmetry in the importance of tasks and
also explore the desirability of adopting a narrow business strategy.
29
30
HC-IBRI SERIES IN ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR
AND HUMAN RESOURCES
WORKING PAPERS
‫ שהרבני‬.‫ פזי וה‬.‫א‬
19/2010
.‫ עמודים‬19 ,‫השפעת שונות על עמדות וביצוע בצוותי משימה‬
A. Pazy and H. Shaharabani
The Effect of Diversity on Attitudes and Performance in Work Groups,
19 pp.
.‫במחקר על שונות בארגונים נהוג לחלק את מרכיבי השונות לסוגים שונים‬
‫) הגדירו שונות דמוגרפית כהבדלים בין‬1999( Pelled, Eisenhardt & Xin
,‫ וותק‬,‫פרטים ביחידה ארגונית במונחים של מאפיינים דמוגרפיים כמו התמחות‬
‫ השונות הדמוגרפית מוינה במחקרים רבים לפי משתנים הגלויים לעין‬.‫גיל או מין‬
‫ רקע התמחותי או וותק בארגון‬,‫ גזע ומשתנים סמויים כמו השכלה‬,‫ מין‬,‫כמו גיל‬
‫ חלוקות אחרות הן בין‬.)Jackson et al, 1995, Milliken & Martins, 1996(
)‫ גיל‬,‫ שונות חברתית (מין‬,)‫ עמדה‬,‫ יחידה בארגון‬,‫שונות אינפורמטיבית (דרגה‬
Jehn, Northcraft & ( ‫ תפיסת מטרת הצוות‬,‫ושונות ערכית (יעדים אישיים‬
‫ וותק) או שלא‬,‫ שונות הקשורה לעבודה (התמחות מקצועית‬,)Neale, 1999
‫ שונות ממשית מול‬,)Webber & Donahue, 2001( )‫ גיל‬,‫קשורה לעבודה (מין‬
,‫ מצב משפחתי‬,‫ אתניות‬,‫שונות נתפסת (כמה חברי הצוות שלי שונים ממני בגיל‬
)‫ מחויבות לפרויקט וכו’) ושונות שטחית (שונות דמוגרפית גלויה‬,‫ערכים אישיות‬
Harrison, Price, Gavin & ( )‫ ערכים‬,‫ אמונות‬,‫מול שונות עמוקה (עמדות‬
.)Florey, 2002
We examined the relationship between perceived diversity among team
members and team performance and perceived ability. Perceived
diversity refers to the degree to which members perceive differences
among themselves regarding variables that are relevant for team
functioning (contribution, availability, commitment etc.). Diversity in
perception of the team is defined as the difference in members’
subjective experience regarding team capabilities and participation.
The sample consisted of 95 undergraduate students who worked in 24
teams. Results indicated that perceived diversity in the course of team
work negatively affected the actual performance of the team and
members’ faith in their ability to lead a satisfying process resulting in
the successful accomplishment of future tasks. Diversity in perception
early on at the start of group work – that is, a different subjective
experience of the team – was connected to a positive subjective
experience in the midst of the work process. In this paper, we describe
the charactersistics of perceived diversity, present explanations for
identified relationships between variables, discuss the limitation of this
research and suggest future directions for research and possible
applications of the findings.
31
18/2010
J. Maaravi, Y. Ganzach and A. Pazy
Consequences of one-sided justification of the first offers in a
negotiation, 40 pp.
This article investigated how the provision of one-sided arguments that
justified the first offer in a negotiation affected the behavior of the
parties. It was demonstrated that adding one-sided justifying arguments
to first offers was not beneficial to the negotiator who offered first. In a
series of four experiments we showed that both counteroffers and
settlement prices were less beneficial to negotiators who made the first
offer when they added one-sided justifying arguments. The addition of
a one-sided argument to a first offer was likely to cause the responding
party to search for counterarguments and this, in turn, led him or her to
devaluate the negotiated asset.
13/2010
S. Toker and M. Biron
Job Burnout and Depression: Unravelling the Constructs’ Temporal
Relationship and Considering the Role of Physical Activity, 42 pp.
Job burnout and depression share key characteristics. In light of these
similarities, it is not surprising that job burnout and depression are
generally found to be correlated with one another (e.g., Maslach &
Jackson, 1986). However, evidence regarding the burnout-depression
association is limited in that most studies are cross-sectional in nature,
and therefore the causality of the relationship is difficult to pinpoint
(e.g., McKnight & Glass, 1995; Peterson, et al., 2008;). Moreover, little
is known about factors that may influence the burnout-depression
association, other than personal (e.g., gender) or organizational (e.g.,
supervisor support) factors. Drawing from Conservation of Resources
(COR) theory (Hobfoll, 1989, 2001), the current study seeks to address
these gaps in the literature by (1) unravelling the temporal relationship
between job burnout and depression, and (2) examining whether the
burnout-depression association may be contingent upon the degree to
which employees engage in physical activity. On the basis of a fullpanel three-wave longitudinal design, in a large sample (N=1632), our
results indicate that depression is a stronger predictor of subsequent job
burnout rather than the other way around. In addition, physical activity
was found to buffer any positive relationship between job burnout and
depression.
12/2010
Y. Fried, M. Westman, A. S. Levi and L. Haynes Slowik
Work Stress and the Context of Time: Analyzing the Role of the
Relativistic Aspects of Time, 42 pp.
Scholars have generally failed to systematically analyze the important
contribution of the subjective aspects of time in the area of work stress.
In this paper, we analyze how cultural, organizational and individual
factors influence the perception of subjective time, which in turn
32
affects the experience of stress. In addition, we examine the reciprocal
relationship between subjective time and stress accounting for
reciprocal and spiraling effects over time. By explicitly considering
the role of subjective time in stress research, we develop several
propositions and discuss recommendations for future research. We
then discuss implications for organizational practice in reducing stress,
revolving around the manipulation and experience of time.
11/2010
R. Hezkiau-Ludwig and D. Eden
Bottom-Up Pygmalion: A Field Experimental Test of the Effects of
Follower Expectations on Leader Performance, 23 pp.
A model of Pygmalion-in-Reverse is suggested. The hypothesis that
raising subordinates’ expectations of their immediate supervisors
improves the supervisors’ leadership and performance was tested in a
field experiment. Studying the supervisor as a source of means
efficacy, we also examined the effect of subordinates’ expectations on
their own performance.
9/2010
Y. Ganzach and A. Pazy
Temporal Changes in Validity and the Impact of Intelligence and
Personality on Extrinsic Career Success, 32 pp.
We study the effect of intelligence and personality on career success by
examining temporal changes in their validities, viewing increasing
validity over time as indicative for the impact of an individual
characteristic on gravitational processes and therefore on career
success. The main finding of two studies is that the validity of
intelligence clearly increases over time whereas the validity of
personality tends to be stable. We also find that a pattern of increasing
validity with regard to personality may result from lack of control for
intelligence.
8/2010
Y. Ganzach and M. Givon
On Assessing the Predictive Validity of Fast and Frugal Heuristics,
14 pp.
We show that when irrelevant cues are included, the fit of a model
based on a fast and frugal heuristic called the matching heuristic can
exceed the fit of two compensatory models, the Franklin rule and
regression, even when the true generating model is compensatory. We
discuss the issue of cue relevance and emphasize the need to keep the
level of cue selection constant in comparative model fit studies.
33
1/2010
D. Heller
The Role of Consistency in Extraversion in Employee Well-being: An
Experience Sampling Study, 41 pp.
Several psychological theories suggest that consistency is important for
employee well-being. However, the dynamic, intra-individual nature of
this link remains poorly understood. This study tests both the betweenand the within-individual well-being implications of being consistent
with one’s trait extraversion, both at home and at work. Instead of the
traditional monolithic approach, we propose a multi-faceted approach
to consistency, focusing on trait-specific consistency (i.e.,
extraversion). We hypothesized that: (a) Individuals whose work or
home average extraversion level is consistent with their general
extraversion will enjoy greater levels of trait-like well-being, and (b)
Individuals will experience greater levels of transient well-being at
times when their state extraversion is consistent with their trait levels.
In an experience sampling study of 84 fully employed married adults,
we repeatedly assessed individuals’ transient well-being, as well as
their state extraversion levels. Our consistency hypothesis was largely
supported across domains and roles of analysis. Between-individual
analyses further suggested introverts’ (compared to extraverts’) wellbeing levels are positively affected by consistency. Within-individual
level analyses also suggested that while extroverts’ well-being
increases when acting extraverted at work, introverts’ well-being levels
are not affected by acting consistent. We hope our findings stimulate
additional intra-individual research investigating consistency–
employee well-being links.
REPRINTS
165
A. Shirom
Feeling energetic at work: On vigor’s antecedents. In A.B. Bakker &
M.P. Leiter (Eds), Work Engagement: A Handbook of Essential Theory
and Research (pp. 69-84). New York City, NY: Psychology Press,
2010.
NO ABSTRACT
164
A. Shirom
Employee burnout and health: Current knowledge and future research
paths. In J. Houdmont & S. Leka (Eds), Contemporary Occupational
Health Psychology (Vol. 1, pp. 59-77). Chichester, West Sussex, U.K.:
Wiley & Sons, 2010.
The major objective of this chapter is to integrate and summarize what
is already known about burnout and certain aspects of physical health.
Another objective is to provide a roadmap depicting promising future
34
research directions on employee burnout and health. The major
sections of the review focus on burnout and health behaviors, burnout
and self-rated health, and burnout and chronic disease. The chronic
diseases that I focus on are cardiovascular disease and its major risk
factors, diabetes, and musculoskeletal disorders, primarily because
there is a significant body of evidence on each of them. In the final
section, I suggest several promising future research paths on employee
burnout and health. Given the complexity of the burnout construct and
the controversy over its operational definition (e.g., Kristensen, Borritz,
Villadsen, & Christensen, 2005), I first provide a conceptual analysis
of the phenomenon of burnout. The literature on burnout is now vast; a
bibliography covering the period 1990-2002 (Boudreau & Nakashima,
2002) identified 2,138 distinct items, while a more recent (March
2009) search of Google Scholar – under the key term burnout – yielded
more than 260,000 entries. Given the amount of time most adults spend
on work-related activities, and the wealth of literature pointing to the
pivotal importance of one’s job characteristics to one’s self-identity
(Bandura, 2002), the focus on burnout is understandable. A number of
comprehensive reviews of various aspects of burnout at work have
been published in recent years (e.g., Halbesleben, 2006; Halbesleben &
Buckley, 2004; Melamed, Shirom, Toker, Berliner, & Shapira, 2006;
Schaufeli & Buunk, 2003). The current review, however, does not
overlap with any of these; instead, it attempts to discuss themes and
topics that have not yet been systematically reviewed in prior studies.
Burnout is viewed as an affective reaction to ongoing stress whose core
content is the gradual depletion over time of individuals’ intrinsic
energy resources, including, as the major types of energy resource
depletion, emotional exhaustion, physical fatigue, and cognitive
weariness (cf. Shirom, 2003). This review focuses on employee
burnout in work organizations, excluding research that deals
exclusively with nonwork-related settings.
163
A. Shirom, G. Armon, S. Berliner, I. Shapira and S. Melamed
The effects of job strain on risk factors for cardiovascular disease. In
J.C. Quick, M.J. Shabraq & C.L. Cooper (Eds), The Handbook of Work
and Health Psychology (3rd ed., pp. 49-77). New York, NY: Wiley,
2009.
NO ABSTRACT
162
W.W. Maddux, A.D. Galinsky and C.T. Tadmor
Be a better manager: Live abroad, Harvard Business Review, 88(9), 24,
2010.
NO ABSTRACT
35
161
A. Shirom, S. Toker, S. Melamed, S. Berliner and I. Shapira
Vigor, anxiety and depressive symptoms as predictors of changes in
fibrinogen and C-reactive protein, Applied Psychology: Health and
Well-Being, 2(3), 251-271, 2010.
We expected vigor to predict lower levels and depressive symptoms
and anxiety to predict higher levels of high-sensitivity C-reactive
protein (CRP) and fibrinogen across time. Participants (N = 538 men
and 203 women) were apparently healthy employees examined on two
occasions about three years apart (T1 and T2). We analysed our data
separately for men and women, controlling for T1 level of the criterion.
For the women, T1 vigor predicted lower T2 fibrinogen (controlling for
T1 fibrinogen) and was curvilinearly associated with T2 CRP
(controlling for T1 CRP). For the men, T1 vigor was curvilinearly
associated with T2 fibrinogen and – for younger men only – T1 vigor
predicted lower levels of T2 CRP, controlling for the T1 values of each
criterion. T1 depressive symptoms and anxiety did not predict the T1 to
T2 changes in fibrinogen and CRP. No support for possible reverse
causation was found. We suggest that high levels of vigor may be
implicated in reductions over time of CRP and fibrinogen
concentrations among both men and women.
160
A. Shirom, S. Toker, O. Jacobson and R. Balicer
Feeling vigorous and the risks of all-cause mortality, ischemic heart
disease and diabetes: A 20-year follow-up of healthy employees,
Psychosomatic Medicine, 72(8), 727-733, 2010.
Objective: To investigate prospectively the effects of vigor at work on
the end points of mortality and the prevalence of ischemic heart disease
(IHD) and diabetes. Methods: We tested the hypothesized beneficial
effects of feeling vigorous at work at baseline on the risks of all-cause
mortality, IHD, and diabetes during a 20-year follow-up. Participants
were healthy employees (n = 968) who underwent a routine health
check at baseline. We calculated the risk of all-cause mortality, IHD,
and diabetes, with days as the time scale, using the Cox proportional
hazards model. In our analyses, we predicted the above end points by
baseline vigor, age, gender, and educational level, adjusting for the
physiological risk factors of total cholesterol, glucose, and body mass
index, the behavioral risk factors of smoking, alcohol intake, and
physical activity, and the psychological risk factors of depressive and
anxiety symptoms. Results: As hypothesized, we found that, after the
above adjustments, baseline vigor decreased the risk of follow-up
mortality by 26% (hazard ratio, 0.74; 95% confidence interval, 0.58–
0.95) and the risk of diabetes by 17% (hazard ratio, 0.83; 95%
confidence interval, 0.68–0.98). However, vigor did not have a
significant effect on the risk of IHD. Conclusions: Independently of
physiological, behavioral, and psychological risk factors, feeling
vigorous at work protected the participants from diabetes and reduced
their risk of mortality.
36
159
G. Armon, S. Melamed, A. Shirom and I. Shapira
Elevated burnout predicts the onset of musculoskeletal pain among
apparently healthy employees, Journal of Occupational Health
Psychology, 15(4), 399-408, 2010.
Musculoskeletal (MS) pain is highly prevalent in the working
population, often resulting in chronic disability. Burnout represents
accumulated exposure to work-related stresses and therefore could
predict the incidence of MS pain. We investigated prospectively the
extent to which changes in the levels of burnout over time predict new
cases of MS pain. Participants were 1,704 apparently healthy employed
men and women who underwent periodic health examination at three
points of time (T1, T2, and T3), over a period of about three years. We
used the T1 to T2 changes in the levels of burnout, depressive
symptoms, and anxiety to predict the onset of new cases of MS pain
between T2 and T3, while controlling for possible confounders.
Logistic regression results indicated that the T1–T2 change in burnout
levels was associated with a 2.09-fold increased risk of MS pain (95%
confidence interval = 1.07–4.10). No support was found for the
possibility of reverse causation; that is, that MS pain predicts
subsequent elevations of burnout levels. It was concluded that burnout
might be a risk factor in the development of MS pain in apparently
healthy individuals.
158
A. Shirom, A.D. Vinokur and N. Nirel
Work hours and caseload as predictors of physician burnout: The
mediating effects by perceived workload and by autonomy, Applied
Psychology: An International Review, 59(4), 539-565, 2010.
We tested a model in which perceived workload and autonomy were
hypothesised to mediate the effects of work hours and caseload on
physician burnout. The study was based on data provided by 890
specialists representing six medical specialties. We used structural
equation modeling to test our hypotheses. Controlling for the effects of
gender, seniority, and the specialists’ academic affiliation, we found
that the study data fit the hypothesised model – reflecting these
hypotheses – quite well. As expected, workload predicted higher levels
of global burnout and physical fatigue, while autonomy predicted
lower levels of global burnout. Work hours and caseload predicted
global burnout only indirectly, via their effects on either perceived
workload or autonomy. These findings suggest that public policies,
designed to reduce physician work hours in order to reduce burnout
and improve patients’ safety, should take into account physician
perceived workload and autonomy.
apps_ 411
Nous avons mis à l’épreuve un modèle centré sur l’hypothèse selon
laquelle la charge de travail perçue et l’autonomie régulaient l’impact
37
de la durée du travail médical et administratif sur le burnout des
médecins. La recherche a exploité des données fournies par 890
spécialistes relevant de six specialties médicales. On a fait appel à une
modélisation en équations structurales pour valider nos hypothèses. En
contrôlant l’action du genre, de l’âge et du type de spécialité, il est
apparu que les données correspondaient parfaitement au modèle
hypothétique. Comme prévu, la charge de travail prédisait des niveaux
plus élevés de burnout global et de fatigue physique, alors que
l’autonomie débouchait sur des niveaux plus faibles de burnout global.
La durée du travail ne prédisait qu’indirectement le burnout global, par
l’entremise des retombées sur la charge de travail perçue et
l’autonomie. Ces résultats montrent que la réglementation publique qui
envisage de réduire le temps de travail des médecins dans le souci
d’atténuer le burnout et d’améliorer la sécurité des malades devrait
prendre en considération la charge de travail perçue et l’autonomie des
médecins.
157
K. Ahola, A. Väänänen, A. Koskinen, A. Kouvonen and A. Shirom
Burnout as a predictor of all-cause mortality among industrial
employees: A 10-year prospective register-linkage study, Journal of
Psychosomatic Research, 69(1), 51-57, 2010.
Objective: Burnout, a psychological consequence of prolonged work
stress, has been shown to coexist with physical and mental disorders.
The aim of this study was to investigate whether burnout is related to
all-cause mortality among employees. Methods: In 1996, of 15,466
Finnish forest industry employees, 9705 participated in the Still
Working study and 8371 were subsequently identified from the
National Population Register. Those who had been treated in a hospital
for the most common causes of death prior to the assessment of
burnout were excluded on the basis of the Hospital Discharge Register,
resulting in a final study population of 7396 people. Burnout was
measured using the Maslach Burnout Inventory–General Survey.
Dates of death from 1996 to 2006 were extracted from the National
Mortality Register. Mortality was predicted with Cox hazard regression
models, controlling for baseline socio-demographic factors and
register-based health status according to entitled medical
reimbursement and prescribed medication for mental health problems,
cardiac risk factors, and pain problems. Results: During the 10-year
10-month follow-up, a total of 199 employees had died. The risk of
mortality per one-unit increase in burnout was 35% higher (95% CI
1.07–1.71) for total score and 26% higher (0.99–1.60) for exhaustion,
29% higher for cynicism (1.03–1.62), and 22% higher for diminished
professional efficacy (0.96–1.55) in participants who had been under
45 at baseline. After adjustments, only the associations regarding
burnout and exhaustion were statistically significant. Burnout was not
related to mortality among the older employees. Conclusion: Burnout,
especially work-related exhaustion, may be a risk for overall survival.
38
156
Z. Rosenblatt, O. Shapira-Lishchinsky and A. Shirom
Absenteeism in Israeli schoolteachers: An organizational ethics
perspective, Human Resource Management Review, 20(3), 247-259,
2010.
Two studies are presented with the purpose of investigating teacher
absences in Israel from the perspectives of organizational normative
behavior (Study 1) and organizational ethical climate (Study 2). Study
1 posits that absence may represent shirking behavior, and tested this
hypothesis by investigating temporal absence trends of the entire public
teacher population in Israel around weekends, holidays, and days of
heavy workload. Results provide evidence which supports our
theoretical expectations. Study 2 proposes that teachers’ work absences
are associated with the school’s ethical climate. Using a sample of
high-school teachers, our results supported this hypothesis, particularly
for low-seniority and non-tenured teachers. We suggest that the
normative behavior and ethical climate perspectives offer new vistas
for advancing our understanding of absence behavior in organizations.
155
G. Armon, A. Shirom, S. Melamed and I. Shapira
Gender differences in the across-time associations of the job demandscontrol-support model and depressive symptoms: A three-wave study,
Applied Psychology: Health and Well-Being, 2(1), 65-88, 2010.
We used a full-panel longitudinal design to investigate, separately for
women and men, the hypotheses that changes in the components of the
Job Demands-Control-Support (JDC-S) model predict changes in
depression symptoms levels over time and that the reversed prediction
would also be found. Our study was conducted on a multi-occupational
sample of apparently healthy employees (N = 692, 68% men) using
three waves of data gathering, replicating our tests on two time lags of
18 months and 3 years on average. We controlled for neuroticism and
other potential confounding variables. For both time lags, support for
our hypotheses was found for the men only. We did not find systematic
differences between the time lags, nor did we find a predominance of
one of the unidirectional effects examined. We outline the theoretical
and practical implications of our findings, including their relevance for
efforts to combat depressive symptoms by changing job characteristics.
154
A. Pazy and Y. Ganzach
Predicting committed behavior: Exchange ideology and pre-entry
perceived organisational support, Applied Psychology: An
International Review, 59(2), 339-359, 2010.
A longitudinal field study conducted in a military setting examined the
effects of exchange ideology, pre-entry Perceived Organisational
Support, and their interaction, on initial and long-term committed
39
behavior. The effect of exchange ideology was compared to that of a
solidly validated biodata score which was assessed with a structured
interview. The sample consisted of 1,276 conscripts to military service.
Results showed that exchange ideology had effects on both initial and
long-term committed behavior; these effects were stronger than those
of pre-entry Perceived Organisational Support, and comparable to
those of the biodata structured interview.
Une recherche de terrain longitudinale conduite dans un contexte
militaire a porté sur les effets de l’idéologie de l’échange, du soutien
organisationnel perçu avant l’intégration et de leur interaction sur
l’implication initiale et à longterme. Les retombées de l’idéologie de
l’échange ont été comparées à celles d’un score biodata correctement
validé évalué à partir d’un entretien structuré. L’échantillon était
constitué de 1276 conscrits. Les résultats montrent que l’idéologie de
l’échange présente un impact à la fois sur l’implication initiale et à
long terme, cet impact étant plus fort que celui du soutien
organisationnel perçu avant l’intégration et comparable à celui de
l’interview structuré portent sur les biodata.
151
S. Ellis, Y. Ganzach, E. Castle and G. Sekely
The effect of filmed versus personal after-event reviews on task
performance: The mediating and moderating role of self-efficacy,
Journal of Applied Psychology, 95(1), 122-131, 2010.
In the current study, we compared the effect of personal and filmed
after-event reviews (AERs) on performance, and the role that selfefficacy plays in moderating and mediating the effects of these two
types of AER on performance. The setting was one in which 49 men
and 63 women participated twice in a simulated business decisionmaking task. In between, participants received a personal AER,
watched a filmed AER, or had a break. We found that individuals who
participated in an AER, whether personal or filmed, improved their
performance significantly more than those who did not participate in a
review.
Furthermore, there was no significant difference in
performance improvement between the personal and the filmed AER,
which suggests that the two are quite similar in their effect. We also
found that the differences in performance improvement between the
personal AER group and the control group were somewhat greater than
those found in the filmed AER group. Self-efficacy mediated the effect
of AER on performance improvement in both types of AER. In
addition, the effect of AER on performance improvement was
moderated by initial self-efficacy in the personal but not in the filmed
AER: The personal AER was more effective, the higher the initial selfefficacy.
40
133
A. Oliver and Y. Kalish
The organization of the disengagement: On ad-hoc organizations and
punctuated equilibrium. In Y. Bar-Siman-Tov & T. Herman (Eds),
The Disengagement Plan and its Implications for Israeli Society. Tel
Aviv, Israel: Tel Aviv University Press, 2009.
NO ABSTRACT
132
M. Westman, D. Etzion and S. Chen
Are business trips a respite? In P. Perrewé, D. Ganster & S. Sonnentag
(Eds), Research in Occupational Stress and Well-being (Vol. 7; pp.
167-204). JAI Press/Elsevier Science, 2009.
In this chapter we discuss the impact of business trips on travelers and
their families from the perspective of respite, thus embedding business
trips in stress theories. We begin by reviewing the literature on respite
and recovery. Focusing on the role of travelers’ resources, we relate the
phenomenon of business trips to COR and JD-R theories. We then
discuss the negative and positive characteristics and outcomes of
business trips. We offer evidence from interviews with business
travelers regarding the special characteristics and consequences of
business trips. We summarize by addressing the question of whether
business trips are a special kind of respite.
131
P. Lichtenberg, H. Shapira, Y. Kalish and E.G. Abramovitz
Israeli norms for the Stanford hypnotic susceptibility scale, form C,
International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, 57(2),
227-237, 2009.
A Hebrew version of the 12-item Stanford Hypnotic Susceptibility
Scale, Form C (SHSS:C) was administered to 169 subjects in Israel.
The authors compared the results with those obtained for the English
original administered in the USA and with an additional group of 38
English-speaking subjects in Israel, as well as with versions translated
into Spanish (two versions, for Spain and for Mexico), Italian, German,
and Dutch. Mean scores and pair-wise rank-order correlations between
item pass rates were comparable across the different samples. Item
reliability was somewhat lower in the Hebrew version; however, if
testing was discontinued after failure to comply with three consecutive
items, reliability was similar to that obtained for the other samples. We
conclude that the Hebrew version of the SHSS:C can be used for the
assessment of hypnotizability and recommend that the discontinuation
criterion be applied.
41
130
A. Pazy and Y. Ganzach
Pay contingency and the effects of perceived organizational and
supervisor support on performance and commitment, Journal of
Management, 35(4), 1007-1025, 2009.
Applying a social exchange perspective, three studies examine how the
effects of perceived organizational support (POS) and perceived
supervisor support (PSS) on performance and commitment are
constrained by pay contingency. Study 1 shows a negative interaction
between POS and pay contingency and a positive interaction between
PSS and pay contingency in their effects on performance and
nonsignificant interactions regarding commitment. In Studies 2 and 3,
which were conducted in high pay contingency field settings,
performance was affected by PSS but not by POS, whereas
commitment was affected by POS but not by PSS. Implications of
these moderation effects are discussed.
129
T. Kugler, A. Rapoport and A. Pazy
Public good provision in inter-team conflicts: Effects of asymmetry
and profit-sharing rule, Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, 23(4),
421-4438, 2010.
A fundamental problem in organizations is designing mechanisms for
eliciting voluntary contributions from individual members of a team
who are entrapped in a social dilemma. To solve the problem, we
utilize a game-theoretical framework that embeds the traditional
within-team social dilemma in a between-team competition for an
exogenously determined prize. In equilibrium, such competition
enhances the incentive to contribute, thereby reducing free-riding.
Extending existing literature, we focus on asymmetric competitions
between teams of unequal size, and competitions between more than
two teams. Comparing two protocols for sharing the prize – egalitarian
and proportional profit-sharing rules – we find that (i) free-riding
diminishes and (ii) team members contribute more toward their team’s
effort when they belong to the larger team and when the profit-sharing
rule is proportional. (iii) Additionally, under the egalitarian profitsharing rule team members contribute more than predicted by the
equilibrium solution. We discuss implications of our findings for
eliciting contributions in competitive environments.
128
J. Kühnel, S. Sonnentag and M. Westman
Does work engagement increase after a short respite? The role of job
involvement as a double-edged sword, Journal of Occupational and
Organizational Psychology, 82(3), 575-594, 2009.
This study extends research on work engagement by examining how a
short respite and general job involvement contribute to work
engagement. We gathered questionnaire data from 156 nurses before
42
and after a short respite. Results indicated an increase of work
engagement after the respite. Structural equation modeling showed that
nurses who experienced psychological detachment from work during
the respite showed a higher increase of work engagement. Moreover,
nurses who indicated higher job involvement also showed a higher
increase of work engagement. Contradictory to this direct positive
effect job involvement had on change in work engagement, job
involvement exerted a negative indirect effect on change in work
engagement by impaired psychological detachment during the respite.
Hence, job involvement acted as a double-edged sword for the increase
of work engagement. Practical implications for the organization of
short respites and suggestions for future research on recovery processes
are discussed.
127
D. Heller, W.Q.E. Perunovic and D. Reichman
The future of person-situation integration in the interface between traits
and goals: A bottom-up framework, Journal of Research in
Personality, 43(2), 171-178, 2009.
In this paper, we theorize a bottom-up model of personality and
delineate ways in which personality traits can develop and change from
the accumulation of daily situations and behaviors over time. We posit
that social roles, which represent important classes of situations, could
elicit different types of short-term goals. We then argue that these goals
can serve as psychological components of situations, thus exerting an
influence on personality states, which aggregated over the long-term
can shape broad personality traits. We discuss both the long-term
processes involved in the transformation of personality traits as a
function of roles, as well as the micro-level processes that occur in
people’s daily lives, linking social roles, short-term goals, and
personality states. Finally, we discuss future directions extending the
scope of our model.
126
D. Heller, D.L. Ferris, D.J. Brown and D. Watson
The influence of work personality on job satisfaction: Incremental
validity and mediation effects, Journal of Personality, 77(4), 10511084, 2009.
Drawing from recent developments regarding the contextual nature of
personality (e.g., D. Wood & B. W. Roberts, 2006), we conducted two
studies (one cross-sectional and one longitudinal over one year) to
examine the validity of work personality in predicting job satisfaction
and its mediation of the effect of global personality on job satisfaction.
Study 1 showed that (a) individuals vary systematically in their
personality between roles – they were significantly more conscientious
and open to experience and less extraverted at work compared to at
home; (b) work personality was a better predictor of job satisfaction
than both global personality and home personality; and (c) work
43
personality demonstrated incremental validity above and beyond the
other two personality measures. Study 2 further showed that each of
the work personality dimensions fully mediated the association
between its corresponding global personality trait and job satisfaction.
Evidence for the discriminant validity of the findings is also presented.
125
D.L. Ferris, J. Brown and D. Heller
Organizational supports and organizational deviance: The mediating
role of organization-based self-esteem, Organizational Behavior and
Human Decision Processes, 108(2), 279-286, 2009.
Drawing upon belongingness theory, we tested organization-based selfesteem (OBSE) as a mediator of the relation between organizational
supports and organizational deviance. Data from 237 employees were
collected at three points in time over one year. Using structural
equation modeling, we found that OBSE fully mediated the relation
between organizational supports and organizational deviance.
Controlling for preexisting predictors of deviance, including
personality traits (agreeableness, neuroticism and conscientiousness)
and role stressors (role conflict, ambiguity, and overload), did not
eliminate the relation between OBSE and organizational deviance. The
implications for the OBSE and deviance literatures are discussed.
124
H. Dotan
Workplace friendships: Formation and consequences for managerial
effectiveness, Academy of Management Best Paper Proceedings,
August 2009.
This study advances research on workplace friendships by suggesting
and testing a framework that can help explain not only how friendships
affect outcomes but why. Specifically, I demonstrate that the
antecedents leading to formation of a workplace friendship can explain
the differential effects of workplace friendships on several job
outcomes.
123
D. Geller and P. Bamberger
Bringing avoidance and anxiety to the job: Attachment style and
instrumental helping behavior among co-workers, Human Relations,
62(12), 1803-1827, 2009.
While social psychologists have widely explored the link between adult
attachment styles and interpersonal relating behaviors such as
caregiving in intimate relationships, organizational researchers have
yet to examine the generalizability of such findings to employee
interrelating behaviors at work. Addressing this gap in the research, we
extend attachment theory (Bowlby, 1969) to the work context in order
to generate and test hypotheses regarding the way in which helping
44
behavior may be explained on the basis of the help provider’s level of
attachment anxiety and avoidance. Data collected from 320 call center
employees of a large Israeli telecommunications company suggest that
while attachment anxiety is inversely associated with instrumental
helping, it also attenuates the inverse effects of attachment avoidance
on such helping. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
122
P. Bamberger and E. Belogolovsky
The impact of pay secrecy on individual task performance, Personnel
Psychology, 63, 965-996, 2010.
We generate and test a moderated mediation model of the effects of
pay secrecy – a pay communication policy restricting employees’
access to information regarding the level of other employees’ pay in
the organization – on individual task performance. According to this
model, the effects of such a policy are posited to be mediated by
informational fairness, procedural fairness and performance-pay
instrumentality perceptions and moderated by tolerance for inequity.
Using a lab-based simulation, our findings partially support this model,
suggesting that perceived instrumentality mediates the adverse effect of
pay secrecy on individual task performance, but only for those low in
inequity-tolerance. For them, the instrumentality-mediated indirect
effect accounted for over 20% of the total effect of pay secrecy on
individual task performance. For those highly tolerant of inequity, a
policy of pay secrecy was found to be directly associated with a higher
level of individual performance than pay openness. The implications of
the findings for research and practice are discussed.
120
D. Eden, Y. Ganzach, R. Flumin-Granat and T. Zigman
Augmenting means efficacy to boost performance:
Two field
experiments, Journal of Management, 36(3), 687-713, 2010.
Internal and external sources of efficacy beliefs are distinguished.
“Means efficacy,” a particular source of external efficacy, is defined as
belief in the utility of the tools available for task performance. The
authors tested the hypothesis that raising means efficacy boosts
performance. In two field experiments, experimental participants were
told they got a new computerized system proven to be the best of its
kind; controls got the same system with no means-efficacy treatment.
In both experiments, means efficacy among experimental participants
increased, and they outperformed the controls. A broadened
perspective on the efficacy-beliefs construct is elaborated, and practical
applications are proposed.
45
119
O. B. Davidson, D. Eden, M. Westman, Y. Cohen-Charash, L. B.
Hammer, A. N. Kluger, M. Krausz, C. Maslach, M. O’Driscoll, P. L.
Perrewé, J. C. Quick, Z. Rosenblatt and P. E. Spector
Sabbatical leave: Who gains and how much? Journal of Applied
Psychology, 95(5), 953-964, 2010.
A rigorous quasi-experiment tested the ameliorative effects of a
sabbatical leave, a special case of respite from routine work. We
hypothesized that (a) respite increases resource level and well-being
and (b) individual differences and respite features moderate respite
effects. A sample of 129 faculty members on sabbatical and 129
matched controls completed measures of resource gain, resource loss,
and well-being before, during, and after the sabbatical. Among the
sabbatees, resource loss declined and resource gain and well-being rose
during the sabbatical. The comparison group showed no change.
Moderation analysis revealed that those who a) reported higher respite
self-efficacy, b) reported greater control, c) were more detached, d) had
a more positive sabbatical experience, and e) spent their sabbatical
outside their home country, enjoyed more enhanced well-being than
others.
115
M. Lazarova, M. Westman and M. A. Shaffer
Elucidating the positive side of the work-family interface on
international assignments: A model of expatriate work and family
performance, Academy of Management Review, 35(1), 93-117, 2010.
Drawing on both Job Demands-Resources theory and contagion theory,
we conceptualize cognitive, affective, and conative influences on
expatriate work role and family role performance. We clarify expatriate
adjustment by expanding the concept to capture family role adjustment
and by mapping relationships among the forms of adjustment. We also
highlight the mediating role of engagement for understanding the
influence of adjustment on role performance, and we consider spillover
across work and family contexts and crossover between expatriates and
partners.
46
The Henry Crown Institute of Business Research in Israel
Research Director: Professor Niv Ahituv
The Henry Crown Institute of Business Research in Israel was established in
1969 as a non-profit organization to encourage, conduct and promote research in
management and business administration. The Institute is an administratively
independent unit operating under the academic auspices of the Faculty of
Management – The Leon Recanati Graduate School of Business Administration at Tel
Aviv University. Its activities are supported by contributions and by direct
sponsorship of research projects. The Institute’s main objectives and activities are:
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To stimulate and promote research, theoretical as well as empirical, in all areas
of management and business administration, in general, and in those relevant to
the Israeli environment in particular
To evaluate research results and their implications for management decisions
and policy
To publish research results and circulate them among scholars and decision
makers in the academic world, the business community, and the public sector
To cooperate with similar institutions both in Israel and abroad for the purpose
of exchanging information and conducting joint research projects and seminars
Publications Series
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Finance and Accounting and Insurance
Management and Law
General Management
Business Ethics
International Management
Managerial Economics and Operations Research
Technology and Information Systems
Healthcare Management
Marketing
Strategy and Entrepreneurship
Organizational Behavior and Human Resources
Working papers, research reports, and reprints may be ordered by writing to:
The Henry Crown Institute of Business Research in Israel, Faculty of Management,
Tel Aviv University, P.O.B. 39010, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel.
E-mail address: [email protected]
Working papers also appear on the Institute’s website:
http://recanati.tau.ac.il/research/IIBR/working.html
Books are available directly from the publisher or bookstores.
THE HENRY CROWN INSTITUTE OF BUSINESS RESEARCH IN ISRAEL
MEMBERS OF THE INSTITUTE
Tel Aviv University
Israel Discount Bank
Mr. Leon Recanati
Bank Leumi Le-Israel
Industrial Development Bank of Israel
Manufacturers Association of Israel
Strauss-Elite Industries
American Israeli Paper Mills
Professor Yair Aharoni
Association of Life Insurance Companies of Israel
United Mizrahi Bank
Professor Yair E. Orgler
First International Bank of Israel
BOARD OF DIRECTORS
Professor Niv Ahituv
Director, The Henry Crown Institute of Business Research in
Israel, Faculty of Management - The Leon Recanati Graduate
School of Business Administration, Tel Aviv University.
Professor Yair Aharoni
Emeritus Faculty of Management - The Leon Recanati
Graduate School of Business Administration, Tel Aviv
University.
Mr. Neri Azoguri
Deputy Director General for Finance
Mr. Zeev Even Chen
Managing Director, Association of Life Insurance Companies
of Israel.
Mr. Shimon Gal
Head of Risk Control Unit, Mizrahi Tefahot Bank Ltd.
Mr. Dov Goldfriend
CEO, Bank Poaley Agudat Israel Ltd. FIBI Group.
Professor Joseph Gross
Faculty of Law, Tel Aviv University.
Professor Joseph Klafter
President, Tel Aviv University.
Professor Aron Shai
Rector, Tel Aviv University.
Professor Yair E. Orgler
Faculty of Management - The Leon Recanati Graduate School
of Business Administration, Tel Aviv University.
Dr. Yuval Rabinovitch
Bank Leumi Le-Israel Ltd.
Mr. Leon Recanati
CEO, GlenRock Israel Ltd.
Professor Asher Tishler
Dean, Faculty of Management - The Leon Recanati Graduate
School of Business Administration, Tel Aviv University.
Strauss-Elite Industries.
Mr. Ori Yehudai
President Frutarom, Head of Economic Division, The
Manufacturers Association of Israel.
Professor Moshe Zviran
Vice Dean, Faculty of Management - The Leon Recanati
Graduate School of Business Administration, Tel Aviv
University.