Download Name: Date Period Ch 17 Study Guide 1. Three of the following are

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Ch 17 Study Guide
1. Three of the following are advantages that the United States enjoyed in its rise to industrial
supremacy in the late nineteenth century. Which is the exception?
A) favorable government policies
B) an abundance of basic raw materials
C) a growing labor supply and expanding market
D) a high level of basic research in pure science
2. During the 1870s and 1880s, the railroad industry:
A) reduced the amount of track miles in the United States
B) increased the amount of track in the United States by 10,000 miles
C) increased the amount of track in the United States by 40,000 miles
D) increased the amount of track in the United States by 100,000 miles
3. Both the Bessemer-Kelly process and the open-hearth process are methods of:
A) mining coal
B) producing steel
C) pasteurizing milk
D) refining petroleum
4. The oil industry was important in the late nineteenth century as:
A) a source of fuel to satisfy the growing American demand
B) the producer of a lubricant for the machines of the steel industry
C) a replacement for coal as an energy source
D) all of the above
5. The term “Taylorism” refers to:
A) scientific management in industry
B) a revival of pride in craftsmanship
C) a movement to organize unskilled labor
D) a movement away from mass-produced clothing
6. Henry Ford’s main contribution to American industrialism was his:
A) invention of the internal combustion engine
B) introduction of structured management organization
C) investment in research and development
D) use of the moving assembly line to achieve mass production
7. Each of the following was true about the railroads between 1860 and 1900 EXCEPT:
A) they were the nation’s biggest investors
B) they increased the miles of track in the United States by over six times during these four
decades
C) they democratized control over the nation’s transportation system
D) they were built largely through government subsidies
8. Andrew Carnegie made his principal fortune in the field of:
A) steel
B) banking
C) shipping
D) petroleum
9. The legal principle that made investment in corporations attractive and made the growth of
huge corporations possible was:
A) caveat emptor
B) accelerated depreciation
C) limited liability
D) exemption allowances
10. A “vertically integrated” system of production is one in which:
A) all the employees belong to one big union organized by industry rather than by craft
B) management and labor share equally in the profits through an elaborate sharing arrangement
C) employees of different ethnic origins work together on the assembly line
D) a single company controls the entire industrial process from source of raw materials to the
final market
11. John D. Rockefeller made his principal fortune in the field of:
A) steel
B) banking
C) shipping
D) petroleum
12. What type of business organization permitted a small group of capitalists to control the stock
of a large number of individual corporations without actually becoming one company? The term
later came to refer generally to any huge economic concentration.
A) trust
B) cartel
C) holding company
D) joint-stock company
13. The idea of the “self-made man”
A) was proven by the frequent rise of working-class Americans to the upper economic classes
B) reduced the amount of corruption in American industry
C) was reaffirmed by the favorable odds of becoming a millionaire
D) ignored the fact that most millionaires came from families of wealth and privilege
14. “Social Darwinism” was based on what aspect of Charles Darwin’s theory of biological
evolution?
A) social gospel
B) instant creation
C) biblical inerrancy
D) survival of the fittest
15. Social Darwinism and classical economics agree that:
A) humans are descended from lower animals
B) free competition promotes human progress
C) the government should ease the lot of the poor
D) government ownership of the majority of the means of production is desirable
16. Which of the following emphasizes most strongly the duty of the rich to do good works for
the public?
A) socialism
B) Social Darwinism
C) classical economics
D) The Gospel of Wealth
17. The “single tax” was:
A) an income tax
B) a sales tax
C) a tax on “unearned increments”
D) a tax on “earned increments”
18. The theme of virtually all of Horatio Alger’s novels was:
A) the rich get richer; the poor get poorer
B) poor boy makes good by hard work, perseverance, and luck
C) average guy get wealthy through cunning, guile, and questionable business practices
D) rich man has conversion and realizes that philanthropy and government regulation are the
only ways to promote an equitable society
19. In the late nineteenth century, the American working classes suffered from three of the
following conditions. Which is the exception?
A) Little or no worker’s compensation for injury
B) No government health and safety regulations
C) Declining standard of living, in both absolute and relative terms
D) No job security; layoffs due to seasonal, cyclical, or technological factors
20. Women industrial workers:
A) were primarily black and single
B) were primarily white and married
C) were primarily white and under 25
D) were generally not the daughters of immigrants
21. The Molly Maguire’s:
A) used terrorist tactics to intimidate the coal operators in Pennsylvania
B) received broad support from middle-class Americans
C) were among the more conservative unionists
D) gained their broadest support in the cities of Chicago and New York
22. The immediate cause of the railroad strike if 1877 was:
A) a 10 percent cut in wages
B) the infiltration of unions by anarchists
C) the refusal of the owners to adopt safety measures
D) the refusal of the owners to agree to cost-of-living increases
23. A major feature of the program of the American Federation of Labor was its emphasis on:
A) gender equity between male and female industrial workers
B) reforming and altering the capitalist system so that workers would own part of the corporation
they worked for
C) immediate gains for its members, such as higher wages, shorter hours, and better working
conditions
D) mass organization of all laborers skilled, unskilled, and agricultural
24. The significance of the Haymarket Square incident in 1886 was that:
A) unions won their demand for an eight-hour day
B) the American socialist movement received a great boost
C) the use of Pinkerton guards as strikebreakers was outlawed
D) it stimulated a hysterical wave of fear of anarchism and its alleged connection with unionism
25. The Homestead strike of 1892 and the Pullman strike if 1894 were similar in that:
A) both involved the American Railway Union
B) federal troops were used to restore order in both
C) both started when management ordered pay cuts for some workers
D) strikers fought Pinkerton guards in violent pitched battles at both locations
26. The federal government contributed to the building of the national rail network by
A) importing substantial numbers of Chinese immigrants to build the railroad
B) providing free grants of federal land to the railroad companies
C) building and operating the first transcontinental rail lines
D) transporting the mail and other federal shipments over the rail lines
27. The most efficient and public-minded of the early railroad-building industrialists was
A) Collis P. Huntington
B) Leland Stanford
C) Cornelius Vanderbilt
D) James J. Hill
28. The railroad affected even the organization of time in the United States by
A) introducing regularly scheduled departures and arrivals on railroad timetables
B) introducing the concept of daylight savings time
C) introducing four standard time zones across the country
D) turning travel that had once taken days into a matter of hours
29. The first important federal law aimed at regulating American industry was
A) the Federal Communications Act
B) the Pure Food and Drug Act
C) the Interstate Commerce Act
D) the Federal Trade Commission
30. Financier J.P. Morgan exercised his economic power most effectively by
A) developing “horizontal integration” in the oil industry
B) lending money to the federal government
C) consolidating rival industries through “interlocking directorates”
D) serving as the middleman between American industrialists and foreign governments
31. The oil industry first thrived in the late 1880s by producing
A) natural gas and heating oil for home heating purposes
B) kerosene for oil lamps
C) gasoline for automobiles
D) heavy-duty diesel fuel for the railroads and industry
32. Andrew Carnegie’s “Gospel of Wealth” proclaimed his belief that
A) wealth was God’s reward for hard work, while poverty resulted from laziness and immorality
B) churches needed to take a stronger stand on the economic issues of the day
C) faith in capitalism and progress should take the place once reserved for religion
D) those who acquired great wealth were morally responsible to use it for the public good
33. For American workers, industrialization generally meant
A) a steady, long-term decline in wages and the standard of living
B) an opportunity to create small businesses that might eventually produce large profits
C) a long-term rise in the standard of living but a loss of independence and control of work
D) a stronger sense of identification with their jobs and employers
34. In contrast to the Knights of Labor, the American Federation of Labor advocated
A) uniting both skilled and unskilled workers into a single large union
B) concentrating on improving wages and hours and avoiding general social reform
C) working for black and female labor interests as well as those of white men
D) using secrecy and violence against employers
35. A long-range influence of Samuel Gompers on the American labor movement was his
advocacy of
A) unrestricted immigration
B) industrial unionism
C) compulsory arbitration of industrial disputes
D) non-involvement in party politics
E) government regulation of hours and wages
36. The first “big business” in America, at least in terms of finance, labor relations, and
management, was
A) the oil refining industry
B) the telephone industry
C) the movie industry
D) the steel industry
E) the railroad industry
37. Why did the proportion of women working in clerical jobs increase in the late 19c and early
20c
A) because women had smaller hands than men, they were better typists
B) clerical work demanded many different skills that women usually possessed
C) because many women had taken typing and shorthand courses in school, employers did not
have to invest much in training them
D) clerical jobs usually led to managerial positions that most working women desired
38. Labor unions ruled not to be illegal conspiracies provided that their methods were honorable
and peaceful in the Supreme Court case of
A) Commonwealth v. Hunt (1842)
B) Brown v. Board of Education (1954)
C) Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)
D) Munn v. Illinois (1876)
39. The 1880s movement for the eight-hour working day is usually associated with which of the
following labor organizations
A) the teamsters Union
B) the Knights of Labor
C) the Industrial Workers of the World
D) the Congress of industrial Organizations
E) the International Ladies’ Garment Workers Union
40. A major reason for the low wages of unskilled workers throughout the late 19c was that
A) most industries simply made too little profit and thus were unable to pass on higher wages to
labor
B) the great expense of modern factories and equipment made higher wage impossible
C) management was able to draw on cheap labor on a global scale
D) the cost of living was lower, and so workers required less in wages
41. In the 19c, railroads formed pools in order to
A) share equipment and terminals for greater efficiency
B) fix prices and divide business for greater profit
C) inflate the value of assets and profits before selling the stock
D) better serve farmers in remote rural areas
E) increase competition by dividing up large companies into smaller ones
42. A closed shop requires workers to
A) receive national security clearance
B) promise not to join a union
C) received their pay in cash
D) joined a union to secure a job
E) apply for unemployment benefits
43. Many employers cut wages in the late 19c by
A) eliminating pension plans
B) hiring skilled workers
C) eliminating health insurance plans
D) hiring women and children
44. In the West, the immigrants who bore the brunt of labor hostility in the 1870s and 1880s
were
A) Jewish
B) German
C) Irish Catholic
D) Russian
E) Chinese
MATCHING PEOPLE, PLACES, and EVENTS
_____ Leland Stanford
_____ James J. Hill
_____ Cornelius Vanderbilt
_____ Alexander Graham Bell
_____ Thomas Edison
_____ John D. Rockefeller
_____ J. Pierpont Morgan
_____ Haymarket Square
_____ Samuel Gompers
_____ Andrew Carnegie
A. Inventive genius of industrialization who worked on
devices such as the electric light, the phonograph, and the
motion picture
B. The only businessperson in America wealthy enough to
buy out Andrew Carnegie and organize the United States
Steel Corporation
C. Aggressive energy-industry monopolist who used tough
means to build a trust based on “horizontal integration”
D. Aggressive eastern railroad builder and consolidator who
scorned the law as an obstacle to his enterprise
E. Scottish immigrant who organized a vast new industry on
the principle of “vertical integration”
F. Former California governor and organizer of the Central
Pacific Railroad
G. Organizer of a conservative craft-union group and
advocated of “more” wages for skilled workers
H. Public-spirited railroad builder who assisted farmers in the
northern areas served by his rail lines
I. Site of a bombing, during a labor demonstration, that
aroused public hysteria against strikes
J. Former teacher of the deaf whose invention created an
entire new industry
IDENTIFICATION
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1. Federally owned acreage granted to the railroad companies in order to
encourage the building of rail lines.
2. The original transcontinental railroad, commissioned by Congress,
which built its rail line west from Omaha
3. The California-based railway company, headed by Leland Stanford,
that employed Chinese laborers in building lines across the mountains
4. Late-nineteenth-century invention that revolutionized communication
and created a large new industry that relied heavily on female workers
5. The first billion-dollar American corporation, organized when J.P.
Morgan bought out Andrew Carnegie
6. Secret, ritualistic labor organization that enrolled many skilled and
unskilled workers but collapsed suddenly after the Haymarket Square
bombing